ALOE- PAPAYA- NEEM
(The economic plants for mankind)
Dr. M. V.R. Koteswara Rao
Guest Faculty Professor, Centre for Environment, IST
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Preface
The book “Aloe- Papaya- Neem” has been aimed at highlighting the importance of these three plants in the maintenance of economy of the people living in
While drafting this monograph, I received generous encouragement and computer assistance from my wife, Dr. Jayasree, my son, Satish, my son-in-law,Anantharaman Balachandran,my daughter, Kalpana, and grand-children, Nishad, Ninaad, Rishab and Arunima. I am also grateful to my professor, Prof. A. V. S. Prabhakara Rao,
(Dr. M.V. R. Koteswara Rao)
dated:
CONTENTS
Preface 4
Foreward 6
SECTION. 1
Aloe- Neem -Papaya 7
SECTION. 2
Aloe Vera 8
SECTION. 3
Papaya 31
SECTION. 4
Neem 61
SECTION.5
Preparation of Extracts of Plant parts 104
Appendix -1 108
Bibliography 111
SUBJECT INDEX
FOREWORD
aptuit laurus
Aptuit Laurus private limited
Formerly known as laurus limited,
3rd flour, Uma Hyderabad House
Raj bhavan road, Somajiguda,
Phone: 91 40 23420500/501
Fax +91 40 2342503
Dr. Koteswara Rao’s book: Aloe- Neem-Papaya is a timely reminder to the general reader as well as the practicing scientist of the endless benefits conferred by nature. A reminder is in place because of the immense harm inflicted by humans on humans through the use of non-replenishable coal and petroleum reserves as fuel and feed stock. Global warming has assumed alarming proportions. Plant kingdom is also trapped solar energy but the reserves are renewable. Sustainability is the new mantra. It may appear as if civilization is in reverse gear but it is only technology with a human face that is emphasized. Natural products have a large role to play in achieving sustainability in our endeavours.
The book encapsulates the age old human aspirations of food, health and happiness through a judicious use of plant products. The alchemical dreams of philosopher’s stone and elixirs of life continue to haunt us in various forms. Garnier Cream, the Ginseng herb, Reservatroll and the kalpa tree of mythology and many others are the stuff dreams are made of. Every part of the neem has its uses. Papaya is a low calorie food as well as an antibacterial. Aloe vera seems to be just about any thing.
Detailed accounts of the various uses of these three plants over the centuries, the methods of preparation of medicinally useful formulations and the chemical constituents are given. The book is highly informative and educative. It is indeed a pleasure to write these few lines as a foreword.
Dr. C. Someswara Rao
Technical Advisor.
ALOE- NEEM - PAPAYA
(The economic plants for mankind)
Trees are bestowed by Gods to mankind and are a legacy. They are integral part of Nature. The ‘trees’ or ‘plants’, as they were denoted, exist in Nature since vedic times and their mention was made in many epics and writings of all civilisations. Any man would be humbled by the towering majesty of a 300 year old living oak tree or a 100 year old bunyan tree at a shrine or monastry. “Older religions embraced the conception of the unity of life in nature, and accepted that our future was intrinsically entwined with that of trees. How right they were. Now that we see the folly of destroying rain forests and thereby severely compromising the green ‘lungs’ of the planet, maybe we can comprehend the ‘common sense’ aspects of the old ways.” It was mentioned in Roman history documents that some tribes took the names of trees as their own; hence The Men of Oak, The Sons of Yew, and The Rowan Men and the like, were the phrases scribbled in records.
Hindus regarded many trees as “sacred” as they were transforming solar energy into useful fruits, foods, flowers, wood and medicinal products etc. that were useful to mankind. Thus they identified some trees as the abodes of great Gods, for ex. Brahma in palasa, Vishnu into papal, Rudra into banyan; also customarily the neem is believed to be the abode of Goddess Sitala, the parijata and haricandana associated to God Krishna and so on. On account of these beliefs, the Hindus worship Nature and trees with great reverence.
The people in European countries developed peculiar beliefs as characteristic to the contemporary trees around them and were worshiping them. Some of these old traditions have been recorded hereunder:
Apple – This tree possesses an aura of youthfulness and innocence.
Blackthorn – This tree and the dryad within is protected by fairies.
Gorse - This tree contains the energy of fertility, and the dryad is as mischievous as a child.
Poplar – Symbolises strength and courage.
Beech – If the oak is the King of the forests, then the beautiful beech with its golden autumn tresses is the Queen. It stands for stability and balance.
Elm Symbolises the dark side of the psyche, so dryadis to to be feared and respected.
Hazelnut – Feeder of many in the winter months the hazelnut brings a sense of elation and exhilaration
Sycamore-- Often growing in apparently barren places, this tree indicates perseverance and vitality.
Birch - tree especially beloved of Druids, the spirit of the birch represents new life.
Rowan – The berries of the rowan were believed to be the food of the Gods, and therefore most sacred. Retribution punishes anyone who tries to harm this tree.
Alder – Anyone who destroyed this tree would be held responsible for any crisis that befell his village as a result.
Oak – Used in many ceremonies, believed to protect from lightning, and the very essence of the circle of life, the oak tree is the true King of trees.
Holly – Because it’s evergreen, the holly tree symbolises the eternal nature of mother earth.
Elder – Believed to contain the very spirit of the sun, this tree should be as well-protected as life itself
Ash: Brings peace of mind.
Beech: Helps to balance mental health.
Cedar: Cleanses negativity.
Oak: Brings a feeling of well-being.
Pine: Revitalises you if you are worn down.
Yew: A sign of the circle of life, inspires hope of rebirth and regeneration.
(Jenny Smedley www.jennysmedley.com )
Indian sages in ancient times respected the Nature and regarded trees as ‘divine’, because the very existence of humanity was controlled by these in many ways. Thus, the worship of these specific trees eg., aswattha or peepal, neem, bel, banyan, asoka, amala, arjuna, started since then..The produce from these trees such as, rudraksa (seed), bel (fruit), mango, coconut ( fruit), kadamba, parijata, mandara(flowers),haricandana (wood) and the like, were attributed as favourites to deities, and thus became symbolic and sacred. From this good start, we have to-day a variety of useful plants that are yielding foods and medicines,thereby restoring the prosperity of mankind.
Trees were also an integral part of the cultural belief systems in
The energy prevalent in Nature is absorbed to a large extent by trees and processed into various ‘products’. Solar energy that is vital to mankind on earth is thus converted into energy and the resultant end process is the production of ‘foods’. The whole process takes place over the surface of leaf in presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis
One of the major differences between plants and animals is plants' ability to manufacture their own food. This process is called photosynthesis ,which literally means "to put together with light." To produce food, a plant requires energy from the sun, carbon dioxide in the air, and water from the soil. During photosynthesis, it splits carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen, adds water, and forms carbohydrates (starches and sugars). Oxygen is a by-product.
The formula for photosynthesis can be written as follows:
Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Sugar + Oxygen
or
6 CO2 + 6 H20 + Energy => C6H1206 + 6 02
After producing carbohydrates, a plant uses them either as energy, or builds them into complex energy compounds such as oils and proteins, or stores them,. All of these food products are called photosynthates. The plant uses them when light is limited, or transports them to its roots or developing fruits.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the mesophyll layers of plant leaves and, in some instances, in mesophyll cells in the stem. Mesophyll cells are sandwiched between the leaf's upper and lower epidermis and contain numerous chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place). Chloroplasts are incredibly small. One square millimeter, about the size of a period on a page, would contain 400,000 chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll, the pigment that makes leaves green, is found in the chloroplasts. It is responsible for trapping light energy from the sun. Often chloroplasts are arranged perpendicular to incoming sun rays so they can absorb maximum sunlight. If any of the ingredients for photosynthesis--light, water, and carbon dioxide--is lacking, photosynthesis stops. If any factor is absent for a long period of time, a plant will die.
The three plants “Aloe - Neem - Papaya” dealt in this monograph are very popular for centuries in
ALOE VERA
Selected vernacular names:
Aloe capensis, aloe curacao, aloe vera, aloes, aloès, aloès du
fèroce, aloes vrai, aloès vulgaire, alovis, Barbadoes aloe, Barbadoes aloes,
aloe, Curacao aloes,
gheekuar, ghikanvar, ghikuar, ghikumar, ghikumari, ghikwar, ghiu kumari,
ghrita kumari, ghritakumari, grahakanya, gwar-patha, haang takhe, hlaba,
Indian aloe, jadam, korphad, kumari, kumaro, kunvar pata, kunwar, laloi,
laluwe, lo-hoei, lo-hoi, lou-houey, lu wei, luchuy, manjikattali,
aloe, murr sbarr, musabar, rokai, sabbara, saber, sábila, sabilla, sabr, saibr,
savila, savilla, semper vivum, shubiri, sibr, siang-tan, star cactus, tuna, umhlaba,
waan haang charakhe, wan-hangchorakhe, yaa dam, yadam, zábila, zambila* (WHO).
History :
Aloe Vera or ‘true Aloe’ refers to the species, aloe barbadensis Miller, which is grown widely in tropical and semi-tropical regions in the world. It is native to southern and eastern Africa and is known since 4th century in
The plant was existing since ancient times; the first aloes used for medicinal purposes being the ones found in Socotrine and
Often Aloe was mistakenly quoted for ‘desert cactus’owing to its close resemblance of leaves and structure, but it is not so; aloe belongs to the lily family of which onion, garlic and turnip species were also members. We have today in the world over 250 species of ‘aloe’ grown, but only two, namely, Aloe barbadensis. Miller and Aloe aborescens gained popularity; Aloe barbadensis. Miller is commonly used in many medical and cosmetic preparations(International Aloe Science Council-The complete story of Aloe Vera).
Aloe vera is an unique plant which goes under the classifications of ‘fruit-additive’, vegetable, as well as a cosmetic herb. It has natural enzymes that are required for the human body. It is a good source of vitamins, including B12. It is a potential source of limmune-enhancers
(Botanical name: Aloe Vera)
Classification
- Kingdom : Plantae
- Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
- Superdivision : Spermatophyta
- Division : Magnoliophyta
- Class : Lilliopsida
- Subclass : Rosidae
- Order : Asparagales
- Family : Asphodelaceae
- Genus : Aloe
- Species : A. vera
-.
Plant Description
Aloe Vera is a perennial, drought-resisting, succulent plant belonging to the Lily (Liliaceae) family. It is a stem- less or very short-stemmed plant growing to 80-100 cm tall, spreading by offsets and root sprouts. The leaves are lanceolate, thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with a serrated margin. The flowers are produced on a spike up to 90 cm tall, each flower pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2-3 cm long. It flourishes in warm and dry climates, and to many people it looks like a cactus with fleshy thorny leaves. It stays moist where other plants wither and die by closing its pores to minimize loss.
It is in leaf all year, in flower from May to June. The flowers are hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.
Cultivation and crop yield
Aloe vera in particular grows wild in the tropics and is cultivated extensively throughout the world. It is planted on the soil by breaking off the small rooted plantlets. Because Aloe plants consist of 95% water, they are
extremely frost tender. If they are grown outdoors in warm climates, they should be planted in full sun, or light shade. The soil should be moderately fertile, and fast draining. Established plants will survive a drought quite well, but for the benefit of the plant, Water should be provided (Wikipedia).
The plant may grow outdoors or indoors as well in pots. The plant can withstand freezing temperatures as long as the ground does not freeze. The ideal climate is sunny, hot tropical for healthy growth. Aloe is a leafy succulent that grows in the form of rosette on hot, well-drained soils (see cover page). The leaves are spotted when young, but assume light pea-green colour slowly . Usually the leaves are unbranched. They grow upto about two feet in length, and 4” broad non-fibrous in texture. The rosette has yellow or orange flowers that are pollinated by birds; they grow wild outdoors, and in the indoor pots, they are ornamental.
Growing Aloe plants
Aloe plant in homes is best cultivated in the pots placed near a window or balcony that gets lot of sunshine.The pots can be moved outdoors during the summer months.
Aloe vera is a succulent, and as such, stores a large quantity of water within its leaves and root system. During the winter months, the plant will become somewhat dormant, and utilize very little moisture. During this period watering should be minimal. The soil is allowed to become completely dry before starting the watering. During the summer months, the soil should be completely soaked, but then be allowed to dry again before re-watering.
Aloes have a shallow, spreading root system, so when it is aimed to repot, a wide planter has to be chosen rather than a deep one. Adequate drainage of the water in the pot has to be ensured by placing ½” deep gravel at the bottom. A good commercial potting mix with extra perlite, granite grit, or coarse sand becomes necessary..
Aloes are propagated by removing the offsets that are produced around the base of mature plants. Large scale cultivation of the plant in a tropical country like
Aloe vera may be sown on loamy soils during the calender months June-July, primarily monsoon period in
Hydroponic cultivation
Hydroponics is often defined as "the cultivation of plants in water." Research has since determined that many different aggregates or media will support plant growth; therefore, the definition of hydroponics has been broadened to read "the cultivation of plants without soil."
Growers all over the world are using hydroponic techniques due to the lack of a large water supply or fertile farmland. Home gardeners have used hydroponics on a smaller scale to grow fresh vegetables year round and to grow plants in smaller spaces, such as an apartment or balcony. Greenhouses and nurseries grow their plants in a soilless, peat- or bark-based growing mix. The nutrients then are applied to the growing mix through the water supply. Therefore, this is also a type of hydroponics.
Soilless gardening offers many advantages to the home gardener. Since a sterile medium is used, there are no weeds to remove, and soil-borne pests and diseases are minimized, if not eliminated completely. Properly grown hydroponic plants also are healthier and more vigorous because all of the necessary growth elements are readily available. The plants can mature faster, yielding an earlier harvest of vegetable and flower crops. Anything that can be grown in soil can be grown in a hydroponic system “Aloe vera to zucchinis” can be grown in this unique system. Hydroponic gardens use less space since the roots do not have to spread out in search of food and water. This small space requirement makes hydroponics ideal for home gardeners, and it makes better use of greenhouse space. The big advantage to hydroponics is the ability to automate the entire system with a timer. Automation reduces the actual time it takes to maintain plant growth requirements. Automation also provides flexibility to the gardener as one can attend to other tasks for long periods of time without having to worry about watering the plants.
Hydroponics offers many advantages for commercial agriculture. Cultivating plants without soil eliminates the need for vast farmland and allows crops to be produced in greenhouses or even in the desert sands. Hydroponic techniques also allow for precise water and nutrient application directly to the roots of each plant. Water is reused in these systems and less water is lost through evaporation and run-off. Therefore, arid lands, such as deserts, can be transformed into productive lands using limited amounts of water. Growing plants hydroponically is not difficult if one understands the basic principles. As long as plant growth requirements are met, there are numerous hydroponic systems that can be used. The yields of produce may not match equal to that grown on soil but may be lower; however, it is an interesting innovative technique. It is worthwhile to develop procedures for growing the aloe plants within the premises of house/apartment.
(information collected from papers in Internet)
Current market scenerio: The present global turnover of raw aloe is about 70—90 million dollars worth, which is fast increasing on account of its medicinal importance. The world trade for aloe products stand at 25 billion dollars. The Indian market share is about 7% only as regards aloe vera production.
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In recent times the cultivation of this wonder plant has been expanded and many states have started plantations. M /s. Yeturu Biotech Ltd. is currently cultivating the plant in 250 acres near Shamshabad,
Aloe Vera is among the few medicinal plants by virtue of their extensive medicinal, nutraceutical and other uses enjoy a major chunk of the market across the globe. The major markets for Aloe Vera and its extracts are
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| Nandan Biomatrix Limited is has pooled up the necessary expertise to guide individual and corporate farming communities in the cultivation of Aloe Vera from land preparation, through seed selection & treatment, dissection & sowing, product packaging and marketing. The Company has a dedicated team of professionals engaged in developing innovative technologies and farming practices to afford better quality and yield of the plant, which include-Land Selection & Preparation, Soil Treatment & Manuring, Seed Selection & Treatment, Sowing Time & Methodology, Weeding & De-flowering, Plant Protection & Irrigation, Harvesting & Storage, Peeling & Drying, Packaging etc. The Company offers its expertise to the individual and corporate farmers -
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Benificial features of aloe vera and the preparations:
· It detoxifies the body’s systems
· It boosts the immune system in the body
· It normalises the body’s metabolism
· It acts as an anti-inflammatory
· It has six antiseptic principles that assist in killing bacteria, fungus and virus
· It acts to regenerate damaged tissues
· It settles nerves
· It is a natural analgesic giving effective pain relief deep below the surface including joints and muscles
· It is a natural moisturiser
· It stops itching and burning
· It has natural vitamin B12
· It has few side effects
The natural anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial action coupled within its nutritional constituents promote cell growth thereby healing the wound.; however, it is not only helpful for persons with burn/wound problems but WholehealthMd.com—Aloe Vera Supplements). also to others for their well-being.
FOLK MEDICINE
Rapid treatment of ailments with Aloe Products
| Ailments | Dosage |
| Burns | Apply gel to affected areas of skin as needed. |
| Cuts and Scrapes | Apply cream or gel liberally to wound 2 or 3 times a day. |
| Heartburn | 2 oz. juice 4 times a day |
| Insect Bites and Stings | Apply 4 times a day to bitten area for symptom relief. |
| Shingles | Apply liberal amount of gel to blistered skin as needed. |
| Sports Injuries | Apply gel to affected areas 3 or 4 times a day as needed. |
| Sunburn | Apply gel to affected areas as needed. |
| Ulcers | 1/2 cup juice twice a day for one month |
| Warts | Put a pea-sized amount of gel on a compress. Apply as usual. |
Chemical Composition and Active Constituents
The two important products from the aloe plant, namely aloe gel (AG) and aloe latex (
Aloe gel also contains lignan, salicylic acid, saponins, sterols, and triterpenoids. The fresh gel contains the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase (which breaks down bradykinin), glutathione peroxidase, as well as several isozymes of superoxide dismutase. The gel also contains vitamins A, C, E, B12, thiamine, niacin and folic acid, as well as the minerals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, chromium, and iron (WL.Combest). Aloe gel has to be stabilized in order to preserve its activity during long-term storage..
Pericyclic tubular cells beneath the outer leaf epidermis produce a bitter yellow substance known as aloe latex, commonly referred to as ‘aloe latex. The dried latex is the constituent of laxative formulations and contains glycosides, anthraquinones, the most prominent being aloin.. Aloe Vera gel contains over 75 known ingredients which have been divided into the following groups:
Average composition of Aloe Vera Gel Per 8 ounces (240 ml)
| Calories | 40 |
| Total Fat | 0g |
| Sodium | 60mg |
| Potassium | 190mg |
| Total Carbohydrate | 12g |
| Sugars | 0g |
| Fiber | <1g |
| Protein | 0g |
| Vitamin A | 10IU |
| Vitamin C | 350mg |
| Calcium | 90mg |
| Iron | <1mg |
| Vitamin D | <10> |
| Vitamin E | 10 IU |
| Vitamin K | <1mcg |
| Thiamin | 5mcg |
| Riboflavin | 5mcg |
| Niacin | 10mcg |
| Vitamin B6 | 22mcg |
| Folate | 23mcg |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.05mcg |
| Biotin | 3mcg |
| Pantothenic acid | 5mcg |
| Phosphorus | 3mg |
| Iodine | <1mcg |
| Magnesium | 7mg |
| Zinc | 144mcg |
| Selenium | <1mcg |
| Copper | 73mcg |
| Manganese | 76mcg |
| Chromium | <1mcg |
| Molybdenum | <1mcg |
| Chloride | 80 mg |
Major constituents of aloe vera
| VITAMINS | It contains the powerful anti-oxidants : C, E and beta-carotene and is one of the few plant sources of vitamin B12. |
| MINERALS | One can find magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, chromium, calcium, sodium, potassium and iron. |
| AMINO ACIDS | Aloe Vera gel contains 20 of the 22 amino acids. More importantly it provides 7 of the 8 amino acids which cannot be manufactured by the body. |
| SUGARS | Aloe Vera contains the important long chain polysaccharides which boost the immune system. |
| ENZYMES | Lipases and proteases which breakdown food and aid digestion. |
| PLANT STEROLS | The 3 main types act as powerful anti-inflammatory agents. |
| LIGNIN | It is this "woody" substance which gives Aloe its ability to penetrate deep into the skin. |
(Forever Living HNB Products Ltd, Mumbai – Aloe Vera, an Introduction)
Aloin: This compound isolated from the latex of aloe plant has been extensively investigated for establishing the structure and it was assigned an ‘anthraquinone’ based formula. The literature on naturally occurring anthraquinones is vast and mentions that they possess pro-laxative and antiseptic properties when applied on human body. Thus the bitter yellow liquid in the leaves (bitter aloes) containing anthraquinones is a powerful laxative. This causes the colon to contract, generally producing a bowel movement 8 - 12 hours after consumption. At low doses, the bitter properties of the herb stimulate the digestion. At higher doses, bitter aloes exhibit laxative and purgative charactristics.
The six antiseptic agents, namely, lupeol, salicylic acid, urea (nitrogen), cinnamonic acid, phenols, and sulphur, present in aloe help to kill or control mold, bacteria, fungus, and viruses and eliminate many internal and external infections when applied on human body. Lupeol and salicylic acid in the juice function as good pain-killers.
Also, Aloe Vera contains three anti-inflammatory fatty acids, namely, cholesterol, the campersterol and B-sitosterol (plant sterols) which are highly effective in treating burns, cuts, scrapes, abrasions, allergic reactions, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, acid indigestion, ulcers, as also many inflammatory conditions of the digestive system and other internal organs, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, kidney, and pancreas. B-sitosterol is also a powerful anti-cholestromatic which helps to lower harmful cholesterol levels thereby maintaining the normal healthy condition of heart. The 23 polypeptides (immune stimulators) present in aloe gel help control a broad spectrum of immune system diseases and disorders, including HIV and AIDS. The polypeptides and the anti-tumor agents, eg. Aloe emodin and Aloe lectins present in aloe gel controls cancer in human body.
Aloe Vera fortifies the immune system and is antiviral. It is a powerful detoxifier, antiseptic and tonic for the nervous system too. Researches have
ALOIN
revealed that digestion, absorption and elimination were all improved by adding specific aloe vera products to one's daily diet.
To benefit from aloe vera, the gel can be taken internally for nutritional benefits. It can be combined with other ingredients to produce topical creams and lotions to nourish and improve the quality of the skin”
.
The Indian ayurveda, a native medical science, places aloe vera preparations on high recognition, and regard this herb as a ‘day-to-day’ ingredient in toning up health of human beings.
Aloe has been improving the health of people for many centuries. It is the natural balance of its internal nutrients that make aloe vera versatile (Satish Lele, Herbal extract). It can be blended with fruit juices and taken as a drink or applied to the skin.
The medicinal application of aloe gel centers round three practices on human body. The first is to apply aloe gel as a skin smoother to soften rough skin and tone up its texture. Many facials and beauty products were developed from AG. The second treatment specifies its use as a pain reliever, anti-swell composition and itch-aleiniating drug. Aloe gels also help to heal cuts, burns, sun-burns, rashes, ring worm, frostbite, psoriasis, acne and poison-ivy blisters. The gel also speeds up the healing of epilethial tissues connecting through mouth (mouth ulcers), sinus lining, bowel lining and also stomach ulcers. It also helps strengthen the immune system of human body against many bacteria and even virus. .It is an approved anti-bacterial and anti-fungal component in many creams.
The anthraquinones present in aloe latex function as potent stimulant laxatives. It is also stated in this connection that certain degree of laxative property comes to the drink from the aloin that is already present in the gel.
Medicinals:
The two aloe products that found wide use in medicine are the ‘aloe gel’ (AG) and the ‘aloe latex’ (
Reports (Wendell L. Combest Paper in US. Pharmacist- reproduced in Internet and references cited therein) suggest that the beneficial effects of Aloe vera gel are due to its high molecular weight components such as polysaccharides, and lectin-like proteins and prostaglandins. Aloe's anti-inflammatory effects may be due to a bradykinin-degrading glycoprotein and the mannose-6-phosphate that may have a role in the wound healing process.
One of aloe's low molecular weight components is aloin, which is a precursor of the anthraquinone aloe-emodin .Anthraquinones from various plant extracts were studied for their possible anti-viral properties (Sydiskis et al., 1991).
Pharmacology
Wound Healing: Aloe gel has long been used both externally and internally for its beneficial effects in the wound-healing process. It is a constituent of many formulations of ointments, creams, or lotions. The beneficial effect on the skin is certainly due to its moisturizing property. A thin protective layer on the skin after application is achieving the wound-healing effectively.
Clinical Experiments
After conclusively establishing the antiseptic mechanism in the stimulative application of aloe gel,AG, on injured wounds/skin cells of human beings, clinical experiments were conducted using aloe vera gel-based creams or ointments on patients at
Research studies at
Treatment of burns:
In a human study, 27 patients with ‘partial thickness’ burn wounds were treated with topical AG or a standard Vaseline gauze. The average healing time was 18.19 days in the Vaseline-gauze treated wounds and 11.89 days in the AG-treated wounds. It showed that lesions treated with aloe Vera gel healed faster than with Vaseline gauze. Another dermabrasion study showed that face wounds healed 72 hours faster when aloe vera gel was added to the conventional polyethylene oxide gel wound dressing. (WL.Combest).
Effects on Skin: Exposure to UV and Gamma Radiation: Some of the first scientific studies on the effectiveness of AG were performed during the 1930s and involved protection of the skin against radiation damage. For the most part, these studies were inconclusive. Interestingly, recent evidence has supported a protective benefit of AG against several forms of radiation damage to the skin. An acemannan-containing topical gel was demonstrated to reduce skin damage
. Treatment of Frostbite: Frostbite occurs when skin is exposed to the cold for a certain amount of time, depending on the temperature and wind speed. Skin will begin to freeze in one hour at a temperature of 0 degrees F and with a wind velocity of 10mph. Ischemia occurs due to insufficient blood supply to an area of tissue. Thromboxane is a compound that stimulates platelet aggregation and constriction of arteries, resulting in ischemia.
Aloe vera has been shown to be an effective treatment for frostbite due to its inhibition of thromboxane.
Significant results were obtained in the treatment of frostbite with Pentoxifylline - Aloe Vera Cream. Aloe was shown to be more effective than pentoxifylline in the comparative evaluation Aloe vera is a thromboxane inhibitor and is therefore beneficial to frostbitten tissue.(Written by Zach Weingarten Ref: Internet Report--)
Psoriasis treatment: Recent studies on the treatment of psoriasis in ‘placebo-controlled’ lot of affected patients using a 0.5% hydrophilic aloe-based cream yielded promising results during 16 weeks. A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 60 psoriasis patients evaluated the efficacy of treatment with topical AG. AG extract (0.5% in a hydrophilic cream) was administered three times daily for five consecutive days each week for 16 weeks.The skin lesions gradually disappeared.
.
Antiviral and Antitumor Activity: Most of the reported antiviral and antitumor effects of AG likely are likely due to the indirect stimulation of the immune system, as discussed previously. However, one study reports that anthraquinones, which are present in aloe latex, have direct virucidal effects. The anthraquinone, aloin, was shown to inactivate various enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and influenza. Although anthraquinones only appear in AG as a contaminant, low concentrations present in some preparations could have significant antiviral activity.
.Cancer control: “The central gel of the Aloe vera leaf has both anti-tumor and chemo-preventive effects. Both these effects are caused by stimulation of the immune system, and by special anti-cancer chemicals contained within the Aloe vera gel itself, such as strong anti-oxidants (Wendell Combest, Internet paper).
In a study reported by Kim, Kacew, and Lee in 1999, the in vitro chemo-preventive effect of Aloe vera polysaccharides was compared to similar plant polysaccharides. The effects of the polysaccharides on certain chemical process associated with the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis were compared.
Laxative Effects of Aloe Latex: Anthraquinones present in aloe latex function as potent stimulant laxatives. Aloe latex is typically sold as an encapsulated dried powder. The substance is listed in the
Clinical conclusions: On the whole the aloe gel and other products found varied uses in the treatment of the following ailments since its discovery and the Indian ayurveda fully exploited these utilities
| Abrasions | Colds | Herpes simplex & zoster | Staphylococci infections |
| Acne | Colic | Hypertension | Stings |
| Actinic keratoses | Constipation | Infections | Sunburns |
| AIDS | Contusions | Insect bites | Tendinitis |
| Allergic reactions
| Dandruff | Menstrual cramps & irregularity | Ulcerations |
| Allergies | Denture (gum) sores | Nausea | Ulcerative colitis |
| Arthritis | Dermatitis | Parasites
| Vaginitis |
| Boils | Diabetes | Peptic & duodenal ulcers | Varicose veins |
| Bruises | Edema | Psoriasis | Viral infections |
| Burns | Epstein-Barr virus
| Radiation dermatitis | Warts |
| Bursitis | Fungal infections | Rashes | Yeast infections |
| Candida | Genital herpes | Reflex esophagitis | |
| Carbuncles | Gingivitis | Seborrhea | |
| Chapped/cracked skin | Hemorrhoids | Sprains | |
.
Toxicity and Adverse Reactions
Aside from occasional allergic skin reactions in a small number of persons, AG used topically has few if any side effects. Several patients who applied AG topically following dermabrasion reported burning sensations and development of dermatitis on the face. Because of possible contamination by anthraquinones, oral AG may cause symptoms of abdominal cramps and diarrhea. There have also been several reports of AG lowering plasma glucose levels in laboratory animals and in humans. It was postulated in one study that this hypoglycemic effect was mediated through the excessive stimulation and release of insulin from the beta-cells of the pancreas. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using oral AG in diabetic patients
Certain adverse reactions were noticed by people who applied aloe gel for wounds and burns. These were in the form of skin allergies or reactions and this was attributed to the peculiar body systems in the persons. Besides, application of aloe gel to people suffering from dermabrasion resulted in burning sensation of the skin resulting in ‘dermatitis’ on facial portion where it was placed. Oral administration of aloe gel sometimes create abdominal cramps and diarrhea on account of the contamination of aloe gel with anthraquinones admixing during processing. Some reports stating the hypoglycemic effect in humans through the stimulation and release of insulin from beta-cells of pancreas have also appeared in medical journals and extreme caution has to be exercised while recommending aloe gel for diabetic patients.
Some contra-indications have also been notified by medical doctors. Aloe products must not be used in patients with intestinal obstruction, atony, severe dehydration with electrolyte depletion, or chronic constipation. Even persons with inflammatory intestinal diseases, such as appendicitis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, or on children below 10 years of age, women during prgnancy or lactation, are not to be administered with aloe gel preparations. Persons with cramps, colic, haemorrhoids, nephritis or any undiagnoised abdominal symptoms such as pain, nausea or vomiting should avoid consuming aloe products
It was also established that commercial preparations of aloe gels despite extensive refinement contain considerable amounts of ‘barbaloin’. On account of this pregnant women administered with aloin experience stimulation of the uterus. Subsequently the aloin passes easily through breast milk sometimes causing gastrointestinal complications in an infant too.
Aloe vera commercial Products
Cosmetics:
The speciality products (FLP, Welcome to FLP products) made under this category include:
Aloe vera tooth gel, made out of crushed stanilised gel, admixed with bee propalis and other components to make it a paste; this preparation provides a speciality anti-plaque/anti-bacterial tooth paste with appealing flavour.
Aloe vera shampoo and conditioner-rinse are two medicated hair and scalp toilet products produced from the gel and jojoba bean extract, and are available across the shelf. These two hair tonics render the nutrition of hair, prevent dandruff and split hair, and also maintain moisture over the scalp.
Aloe lotion, a thick fluid, is ideal for replenishing the already- lost moisture and restoring the skin's soft, silky feel. Aloe moisturising lotion is an excellent cream for face, hands and body, penetrating to cellular level and counteracting the ageing process caused by Sun, exposure to pollution and the harsh effects of the environment. This unique cream has outstanding humectant and moisturising properties. It also contains collagen and elastin to keep the skin smooth, soft and elastic while maintaining the skin's natural PH balance. It is smoothened and absorbed through the skin,
Aloe vera soaps are ideal antiseptic/bactericidal cleansing products available commercially today.
Aloe-menthol gel made by mixing the gel and menthol intimately is a good ‘face cooler’.Aloe-saffron gel made in a similar manner as above keeps face fair and glow; it is an anti-aging cream and even takes care of the wrinkles and dark spots beneath the eye lids. Even aloe-carrot gel produced by the same company, namely Farmwealth Biotech,
Aloe Ever Shield Deodorant:. Aloe Ever-Shield Deodorant stick provides effective, all-day protection against underarm odour, and can be applied directly after showering or waxing without stinging.
This gentle formula with stabilised Aloe Vera contains no harsh or harmful antiperspirant aluminium salts. This shield deodorant stick can be taken to any part of the body and applied in that portion; it does not leave any stains on clothes.
Herbal Aloe Gel Ingredients: Water, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Butylene Glycol, Centella Asiatica Extract, Chamomilla Extract, Calendula Officialis Flower Extract, Allantoin, Carbomer, Sodium Hydroxide, Trisodium EDTA, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben.
Herbal Aloe Lotion Ingredients: Water, Aloe Barbadensis Gel, Isopropyl Palmitate, Stearic Acid, Caprylic Triglyceride, Neopentyl Glycol Dicaprylate, Triethanolamine, Cetyl Alcohol, Dimethicone, Shea Butter, Sesame Oil, Matricaria Extract, Butylene Glycol, Calendula Officialis Extract, Pathenol, Allantoin, Trisodium EDTA, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Hyaluronic Acid, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben, Fragrance.
Applied to wounds, Aloe Vera Gel is a mild anesthetic, relieving itching, swelling, and pain: it also is antibacterial and antifungal, increases blood flow to wounded areas, and stimulates fibroblasts, the skin cells responsible for wound healing. Contains no artificial coloring. Provides soothing relief from minor skin irritations. Use on face, hands and body. It is quickly absorbed, non-greasy and will not stain clothing or bedding. Apply liberally as often as needed.
Herbal Aloe
Water, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Decyl Glucoside, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Glycerin, Polysorbate 80, Matricarica Extract, Calendula Officialis Extract, Coco-Glucoside, Glyceryl Oleote, Butylene Glycol, Aloe Barbadensis Gel, Allantoin, Panthenol, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Polyquoternium-7, PEG-150 Disteorate, Fragrance, Trisodium EDTA, Thenoxyethonol, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, D&C Green#5, FD&C Yellow#5.
Body oil for children: Aloe gel based body oil is produced by M/s Johnson & Johnson Co. and sold in market.
Aloe vera based toilet soap: Margo soap in market.
Herbal Aloe Spray Ingredients:
Water, Butylene Glycol, Aloe Barbadensis Gel, Polysorbates 20, Hydrocotyl Extract, Chamomilla Recutita Extract, Calendula Officialis Extract, Bisabolol, Allantoin, Tocopherye Acetate, Methylparaben, Phenoxyethanol, Trisodium EDTA.
Unlike ordinary soaps, which can leave skin feeling dehydrated and tight, Herbal Aloe Bath and Body Bar manufactured by ‘Dwacra’ women self employment society (INDIA), is carefully formulated with moisturizers, antioxidants and aloe to cleanse effectively, yet protect skin’s natural moisture balance. Use it on body and face for healthy, beautiful skin.
Aloe based shaving creams: EDGE brand
Herbal Aloe Shampoo Ingredients: Water, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Decyl Glucoside, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Disodium Cocamphodiacetate, Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate, Sodium Chloride, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Nettle Extract, Calendula Officialis Extract, Sunflower Seed Oil, Panthenol, Fragrance, Citric Acid, Polyquaternium-10, Butylene Glycol, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben.
Herbal Aloe Conditioner Ingredients: Water, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Dicetyldimonium Chloride, Polyquaternium-7, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Dimethicone, Stearalkonium Chloride, Panthenol, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Fragrance, Calendula Officialis Flower Extract, Nettle Extract, Sunflower Seed Oil, Butylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben.
Herbal Aloe Everyday Shampoo and Conditioner are the enriched products, with a special blend of herbs and plant extracts to add natural health and beauty to hair. It can be applied to wet hair and massaged to produce lather. On rinsing, it is followed by wash with Herbal Aloe Conditioner.
Foods:
Aloe-berry nectars are very popular since the last two centuries. They were first introduced in the maritime forces to sailors on long voyages in order to prevent the infliction of scurvy (a disease caused owing to vitamin C deficiency). The drink supplies the requisite vitamins, enzymes, minerals, amino acids and nutrients in a balanced level. The berries considered for blending are usually the cranberries, apples and grapes. All these nectars are today available in the civil markets.
Peach –Aloe gel bits: The aloe gel and sun-ripened peaches blend well into bits of nutritive food; this product rich in minerals, amino acids, vitamins and sugars is a marketed dry fruit..
Aloe blended papads: Aloe vera gel is blended in the mixed- dal dough for making dry papads. This food item, commonly made in
Tonic wine: Fermented aloe gel with honey and spices is known as ‘kumaryasava’ in Indian medicine and is used as a tonic for anaemia, poor digestive function, and liver disorders.
Aloe vera products have been known to mankind since the 4th century in many civilisations of the world. Today, in many countries, the products have been sold across the shelf in pharmacy shops. In the following pages details of the ingredients of some aloe products have been listed. One can really improve on these formulations too by adjusting their concentrations. This information would serve as a guideline.
GEL : The major constituents of aloe gel are water and polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses, glucomannan, acemannan, mannose and its derivatives. The gel also contains amino acids, lipids, sterols (lupeol, campesterol and sitosterol), tannins and enzymes. Mannose 6-phosphate is a prominent constituent.
The aloe leaves collected on harvest are washed with plenty of water to remove dirt and given a further wash with mild chlorine water. The outer layers of the leaf including the pericyclic cells were removed leaving a ‘filet’ of gel. The green rind is conveniently isolated from the filet and the filet is crushed into a pulp so as to render the mucilage. Thereafter, this pulp (also called the gel) is pasteurised at 75-80 C for nearly 3 minutes to stabilise. It is stored in bottles.
OINTMENT - Several leaves are collected and a large quantity of gel is produced from them. Thereafter the gel is boiled into a thick paste. It is placed in wide-mouthed glass containers to be used for ointment formulations.
Tonic Muscle Relaxant: Fresh leaf juice mixed with turmeric powder and homogenized into a paste is used as an antiseptic household ointment for wounds, cuts and boils over skin.
TONIC WINE - Fermented aloe gel with honey and spices is known as ‘kumaryasava’ in
INHALER -The gel is placed over boiling water in a bath and used as a steam inhalant for bronchial congestion.
TINCTURE/DECOCTION: Extracted from the aloe leaves with water, the tincture in 1-3 ml per dose is useful as an appetite stimulant for constipation.
POWDER – Dried aloe powder in 100 - 500 mg per dose or in capsules serves as a purgative for stubborn constipation and to stimulate bile flow.
Aloe vera juices:
These are food drinks and possess the following characteristics:
The concentrated juice is made from premium-quality Aloe Vera Plant.
Aloe Vera Juice contains essential enzymes, amino acids and vitamins.
Includes the soothing benefits of the Chamomile plant.
Aloe Vera Juice helps soothe the digestive system.
Assists the self-cleansing action of the body.
Aloe Vera Juice reduces the risk of lung cancer.
Promotes weight loss and supplies a boost of energy.
Supports heart functioning when used on a regular basis.
Completely free of Aloin.
It can be supplemented to daily diet.
Herbal Aloe Vera Concentrated Juice makes 30 servings.
16-ounce container.
Use 1 ounce of Aloe Vera Juice daily for preventive purposes.
Use 2 ounces of the Juice or more for intestine or colon treatment.
Add to water so the taste is pleasantly sour.
Instructions available on the canister.
One year shelf-life.
Ready-To-Use Herbal Aloe Drink is made with the correct proportion of water added to the juice. If compared with Aloe Vera Concentrated Juice, the Drink is more convenient to take to camping or hiking where one is objectively limited in access to drinking water. The qualities listed for the Aloe Vera Concentrated Juice are 100% applicable to the Drink.
Herbal Aloe Concentrated Juice Ingredients: Aloe Whole-Leaf Juice, Citric Acid, Potassium, Sodium, Camomile Flower Extract, Citric Extract.
Aloe Vera juice, extract, drink or concentrate is used by patients with gastritis and irritable bowel with very satisfying results. Aloe Vera juice stimulates the immune system with resulting decrease in allergy symptoms and significant decrease in the respiratory infections. Patients, who suffer from allergy and upper respiratory infections, are more than encouraged to take 1 ounce daily mixed in a favorite drink or straight. If the allergy symptoms are particularly bad, one can add towards treatment 2 ounces of aloe Vera juice twice a day. Keep the canister in a dark cool place. Mix the Concentrated Juice with water so that the taste is pleasantly sour (Aloe Vera Premium Products-Aloe Vera Online Shopping Data sheet--Internet Reports).
