NEEM
The divine tree, neem, has been reverned by people of
The ancient excavations at Mohanje-daro and
Outdoors, in locations where temperatures do not drop much below freezing, it may reach up to 50 feet tall. It will grow where rainfall is as little as 18 inches per year and thrives in areas that experience extreme heat of up to 120 degrees F. The tree survives upto 200 years.
To those millions of Indians, the powers of neem appear spectacular and even scientists approve the findings from their studies. Two decades of researches have revealed promising results in so many disciplines that this obscure species may be of enormous benefit to countries both poor and rich; hence the plant has been classified as “wonder tree”.
Although apparently justified by the practical results, the rising enthusiasm is based largely on clinical investigations on people rather than laboratory controlled experiments. The symptoms in patients were treated with large success, the practice of usage of the plant products established and recorded in Ayurveda books.
NEEM INFORMATION
| Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Order: Sapindales Family: Meliaceae Genus: Azadirachta Species: A. indica |
| Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
“Neem (Azadirachta indica, syn. Melia azadirachta L., Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb.) is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is the only species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to India and Burma, growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. In
The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on the ground water levels. Neem can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils (pH 6.2-7.0). It is a typical tropical/subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 °C. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures. It does not tolerate temperature below 4 °C (leaf shedding and death may ensue)”.
Neem is a fast growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m, rarely to 35-40 m. It is evergreen but under severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. The branches are wide spread. The fairly dense crown is roundish or oval and may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in aged, free-standing specimens.
The trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter of 1.2 m. The bark is hard, fissured or scaly, and whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is greyish-white and the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming reddish-brown after exposure. The root system consists of a strong taproot and well developed lateral roots.
The alternate, pinnate leaves are 20-40 cm long, with 20-31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8 cm long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The petioles are short. Very young leaves are reddish to purplish in colour. The shape of mature leaflets is more or less asymmetric and their margins are dentate with the exception of the base of their basiscopal half, which is normally very strongly reduced and cuneate.
The flowers (white and fragrant) are arranged axillary, normally more-or-less drooping panicles which are up to 25 cm long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear 150-250 flowers. An individual flower is 5-6 mm long and 8-11 mm wide. Protandric and bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual (polygamous).
The fruit is a glabrous olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe are 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 0.3-0.5 cm thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.
(Information abstracted from: Wikipedia, free encyclopedia).
But Neem is far more than a tough tree that grows vigorously in difficult sites. No methodical cultivation of Azadirachta indica (neem) was planned in our country, except that it is allowed to grow as a ‘backyard tree’ and also adjacent to roadways/highways in order to provide shade.
The propagation of the seed is through natural dispersion by birds and wind. In addition, direct sowing of seed, seedling erection in soil, moving entire plant with roots and shoot cutting etc. are also adapted in towns. Several procedures to collect, process and store the seeds for durations upto 2 years have also been developed by forest research departments.
From the data collected in Indian States, a tree of age between 8-10years yield about 10kg/tree of seed; between 15-20 years age gives 12-16kg/tree; and above 20years age about 17—22kg/tree. If a hectare of wasteland accomodates 250 mature trees, then the natural yield of the plantation per year is about 5000 kg, and the revenue on this acrue to a net Rs. 20,000/ year (@Rs.4 per kg). Thus, intensive cultivation of neem tree in tropical locations is expected to render economic products with least speculation of weather, investment, supervison and manpower.
Although neem tree parts, extracts etc. were in use since ancient times, it was not until the 1920's that formal research was begun on neem. It was noted that during periodic locust plagues, while acres of foliage were stripped bare, neem were left unscathed. Simply derived "tea" solutions made from the neem seed were effective in protecting foliage crops. The neem cake that is left after expelling the ‘oil’ was protecting the soil against the pests. Additionally, several compounds were isolated from the seeds of neem the chief one, azadirachtin, known to possess pesticidal properties.
Constituents of Neem
Interest in the isolation and characterisation of chemical compounds that are present in several neem parts has arisen since the year 1920, when many benificial applications of neem products were reported by rural doctors and pharmacists in our country. In this respect, of course,
The economic products of neem highlighted below is abstracted from “NEEM- A Tree for solving Global Problems, 1992”- internet papers.
The important constituents of neem belong to a general class of natural products called "triterpenes"; more specifically, the "limonoids."
So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated ability to block insect growth, affecting a range of species that includes some of the most deadly pests of agriculture. New limonoids are still being discovered in neem, but azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol, and nimbin are the prominent. The chemical structures of these compounds are shown in page. .
Azadirachtin
One of the first active ingredients isolated from neem, azadirachtin, has proved to be the tree's main agent for battling insects. It appears to cause some 90 percent of the effect on most pests. It does not kill insects; at least not immediately; instead it both repels and disrupts their growth and reproduction. Research over the past 20 years has shown that it is one of the most potent growth regulators and feeding deterrents ever assayed. It will repel or reduce the feeding of many species of pests as well as some nematodes. In fact, it is so potent that a ‘mere’ trace of its presence prevents some insects from even touching the plants.
Azadirachtin is structurally similar to insect hormones called "ecdysones," which control the process of metamorphosis as the insects pass from larva to pupa to adult stages. It affects the corpus cardiacum, an organ similar to the human pituitary, which controls the secretion of hormones. Metamorphosis requires the careful synchrony of many hormones and other physiological changes to be successful, and azadirachtin seems to be an "ecdysone blocker." It blocks the insect's production and release of these vital hormones. Insects then will not molt. This of course breaks their life cycle.
On average, neem kernels contain between 2 and 4 mg of azadirachtin per gram of kernel. The highest figure so far reported, 9 mg per gram measured in samples secured from
Mellantriol
Another feeding inhibitor, meliantriol, in extremely low concentrations, ceases the eating process in insects. The demonstration of its ability to prevent locusts chewing on crops was the first scientific proof for neem's traditional use for insect control on crops.
Salannin
Yet a third triterpenoid isolated from neem is salannin works profoundly in inhibiting feeding in insects, but does not influence insect molts. The migratory locust, ‘
Nimbin and Nimbidin
Two more neem components, nimbin and nimbidin, have been found to possess antiviral activity. They affect potato virus X, vaccinia virus, and fowl- pox viruses. They could perhaps open a way to control these and other viral diseases of crops and livestock.
Nimbidin is the primary component of the bitter principles obtained when neem seeds are extracted with alcohol. It occurs in sizable quantities (about 2 percent of the kernel).
Minor constituents:
Certain minor ingredients also work as anti-hormones. Research has shown that some of these minor neem chemicals even paralyze the "swallowing mechanism" and so prevent insects from eating. Examples of these newly found limonoids from neem include deacetylazadirachtinol. This ingredient, isolated from fresh fruits, is known to be as effective as azadirachtin in assays against the tobacco budworm. Two compounds related to salannin, namely 3-deacetylsalannin and salannol, recently isolated from neem, also act as antifeedants. It is to be noted in this connexion that some minor constiturnts of neem act as synergists in applications of neem products.
PRODUCTION
Although bioactive compounds are found in all parts of the tree, those in the seed kernels are the most concentrated and accessible. They are obtained by performing various types of extractions of the kernels or the pressed cake. The active ingredients are only slightly soluble in water, but are highly soluble in organic solvents such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, or ethers.
No new or unusual technology is required for isolating these compounds. Simple village-scale technologies using mini- industrial facilities are employed. The most common procedures are summarized below.
Water Extraction
The simplest technique (and the most widely employed these days) is to crush or grind the kernels and extract them with water. They may, for example, be steeped overnight in a cloth bag suspended in a barrel of water. This process is less effective than pouring the water into the bag and collecting the extract as it emerges. The resulting crude suspension can be used in agricultural fields without alteration. It can also be filtered and employed as a sprayable emulsion. It has been estimated that by following this technique, 20-30 kg of neem seed can normally treat 1 hectare of land. At this rate, the annual seed crop from one mature tree could treat up to half a hectare. However, it is necessary to use a lot of water because the active ingredients have very low solubility in water. Normally, the proportions employed are about 500 g of kernel steeped in 10 liters of water.
Water extracts of ground neem leaves are also very useful. Because neem is an evergreen, they are obtainable throughout the year.
Hexane Extraction
If the kernels are grated and steeped in hexane, only the oil is removed. The oil is not considered an active pesticide. However, recent results show that it is equally a potential substance used to kill the eggs of many types of insect, the larvae of mosquitoes, and various stages of certain pests (such as leafhoppers) that are often hard to be controlled by other means.
The residue left after the hexane extraction still contains the main active limonoid ingredients, and subsequent extractions with water or alcohol produce them in large amounts, clean and uncontaminated by oil.
Pentane Extraction
Pentane extracts of seed kernels are effective against spider mites. They reduce the fecundity (number of eggs) of tetranychus urticae. The active principles in the extracts differ from the usual azadirachtin.
Alcohol Extraction
Alcohol extraction is the most direct process for producing neem-based pesticides in concentrated form. Limonoids are highly soluble in alcohol. The grated kernels are usually soaked in ethanol, but sometimes in methanol too.Azadirachtin in 95% purity has been obtained after column chromatographic separation. Nimbin, another active compound is successfully extracted from seeds using carbon dioxide – methanol co-solvent extraction technique at room temperatures and slight pressure flow. The yield of active ingredients varies from 0.2 to 6.2 percent.
Although water extracts are also effective as pesticides, many neem compounds are not highly soluble in it; the alcohol extracts are about 50 times more concentrated. They may contain 3.000 parts per million (ppm) or even 100,000 ppm azadirachtin.
FORMULATIONS
As experienced, the simplest neem pesticide is a crude extract. However, for more sophisticated use, various modifications can be made. These advanced formulations may convert neem extracts into the form of granules, dust, wettable powders, or emulsifiable concentrates. Aqueous extracts can also be formulated with soap for ease of application against skin affecting bacteria or fungi.
Other formulations may involve the addition of chemicals or even the chemical modification of the neem ingredients themselves. These changes may be made to increase shelf life and reproducibility, and for ease of handling or of scaling up the process. They may also reduce phytotoxicity (the damage to sensitive plants).
One particularly valuable class of additives is the type that inhibit ultraviolet degradation. These include sesame oil, lecithin, and para aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
Additives
Mixing neem extracts with other materials can boost their power 10 to 20 fold. Among these so-called "promoters" are sesame oil, pyrethrins (a type of insecticide mostly extracted from chrysanthenum flowers) and piperonyl butoxide. They are employed to produce a rapid kill. Combinations with synthetic pesticides also can work well; they add rapid "knockdown" to neem's ability to suppress the subsequent rebound in the pest population. The effectiveness of neem extracts can even be boosted with the insect-killing Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) to provide a multifaceted pesticide.
METHODS OF APPLICATION
Neem extracts can be applied in many ways, including some of the most sophisticated, namely as sprays, powders, drenches, or diluents in irrigation water even through trickle or subsurface irrigation systems. In addition, they can be applied to plants through injection or topical application, either as dusts or sprays. Moreover, they can be added to bait that attract insects (a process used, for instance, with cockroaches). They are even burned in the fields. For example, neem leaves and seeds and dry neem cake are ingredients in some mosquito coils.
Neem tree parts used by Mankind
Bark
The bark is cool, bitter, astringent, acrid and refrigerant. It is useful in tiredness, cough, fever, loss of appetite, worm infestations. It heals wounds and is also used in vomiting, skin diseases and excessive thirst. Twigs have been used as a ‘tooth brush’ and for dental care, eversince antiquity. Neem toothpaste has been on sale in the
Leaves
According to Ayurveda ‘neem leaves’ help in the treatment of vatik disorders (neuromuscular pains). Neem leaves are also reported to remove toxins, purify blood and prevent damage caused by free radicals in the body by neutralising them. A paste made with leaves is used in
Fruits
Neem fruits are bitter, purgative, anti-hemorrhodial and anthelmintic (vermifuge) in nature.
Flowers
The flowers are used in vitiated conditions of pitta (balancing of the body heat) and kapha (cough formation). They are astringent, anthelmintic and non toxic.
Seeds
Neem seeds are also described as anthelmintic, antileprotic (cures or prevents leprosy) and antipoisonous. Seeds, along with leaves and dry neem cake, are an active ingredient in mosquito coils.
Oil
Neem oil, derived from crushing the seeds, is antidermatonic, a powerful vermifuge and is bitter in taste. It has a wide spectrum of action and is medicinal in nature. As oil used in aromatherapy, it has been effective in the control of head lice in children.
CONSTITUENTS OF NEEM - Azadirachta indica A. JUSS. (Meliaceae)
(Source:http://www.chromadex.com/phytosearch/neem.htm)
Phytochemicals: Plant part:
1-TIGLOYL-3-ACETYL-11-METHOXY-AZADIRACHTININ Bark:
17-BETA-HYDROXYAZADIRDIONE Seed:
17EPIAZADIRADIONE Seed:
1ALPHA-METHOXY-1,2-DIHYDROAZADIRADIONE Seed:
1BETA,2BETA-DIEPOXY-AZADIRADIONE Seed:
2,2-DIHYDRO-2BETA-METHOXY-AZADIRACHTIN Seed:
3-ACETYL-7-TIGLOYL-LACTONE-VILASININ Leaf:
3-DESACETYL-3-CINNAMOYL-AZADIRACHTIN Leaf:
3-DESACETYL-SALANIN Leaf:
3DESACETYLSALANNIN Seed:
3TIGLOYLAZADIRACHLOL Seed:
4EPINIMBIN Seed:
4ALPHA,6ALPHA-DIHYDROXY-A-HOMO-AZADIRADIONE Leaf:
6-ACETYL-NIMBANDIOL Seed:
6DESACETYLNIMBINENE Bark: Leaf: Seed
6-O-ACETYL-NIMBANDIOL Plant:
7ACETYLNEOTRICHILENONE Seed:
7-DESACETYL-7-BENZOYL-AZADIRADIONE Seed:
7-DESACETYL-7-BENZOYLEPOXY-AZADIRADIONE Seed:
7-DESACETYL-7-HYDROXY-AZADIRADIONE Fruit:
7-DESACETYL-GEDUNIN seed:
ARACHIDIC-ACID Fruit
AZADIRACHTANIN Leaf:
AZADIRACHTANINA Leaf:
AZADIRACHTIN Seed:
AZADIRACHTOL Fruit:
AZADIRADIONE Seed:
AZADIRONE Seed:
BEHENIC-ACID Fruit
BETA-SITOSTEROL Flower,leaf
DESACETYLNIMBIN Stem Bark:
EPOXYAZADIRADIONE Seed:
GEDUNIN Seed:
HYPEROSIDE Leaf:
ISOAZADIROLIDE Leaf:
ISOMARGOSINOLIDE Plant:
ISONIMBINOCINOLIDE Plant:
ISONIMBINOLIDE Stem Bark:
ISONIMBOCINOLIDE Leaf:
ISONIMOLICINOLIDE Fruit:
KAEMPFEROL Flower
LIGNOCERIC-ACID Fruit
LINOLEIC-ACID Fruit
MARGODUNOLIDE Plant:
MARGOSINE Stem Bark:
MARGOSINOLIDE Plant:
MELDENIN Seed:
MELIANTRIOL Seed:
MYRICETIN Flower
MYRISTIC-ACID Fruit
NIMBAFLAVONE Leaf:
NIMBANDIOL Leaf: Stem:
NIMBIDIN Seed: Stem Bark
NIMBIN Stem Bark
NIMBINENE Bark: Leaf: Stem:
NIMBININ Stem Bark
NIMBINONE Stem Bark:
NIMBIOL Bark:
NIMBIONE Stem Bark:
NIMBOCINOLIDE Plant:
NIMBOCINOME Plant:
NIMBOLIDE Leaf:
NIMBOLINA Wood:
NIMBOLINB Wood:
NIMBOSTEROL Stem Bark
NIMOCINOL Fruit:
NIMOLICINOIC-ACID Fruit:
NIMOLICINOL Seed:
NIMOLINONE Fruit:
NONACOSANE Flower:
OLEICACID Fruit
PALMITIC-ACID Fruit
QUERCETIN Flower ,Leaf:
QUERCITRIN Leaf:
RUTIN Leaf:
SALANNIN Seed:
SALANNOLIDE Plant:
SCOPOLETIN Plant:
STEARIC-ACID Fruit
SUGIOL Bark:
VEPININ Seed:
VILASANIN Leaf:
It was conclusively established by the year 1945 that the main active principles of neem are the ‘limonoids’, the bitter compounds biogenetically derivable from tetracyclic terpenes and these are---Azadirachtin, Meliantrol, Salanin etc. The leaves are constituted mainly of quercetin (flavonoid), nimbosterol (p-sitosterol), nimbin in addition to proteins, minerals, beta carotene, vitaminC, amino acids etc. The flowers contain nimbosterol, kaempferol, melicitrin etc. in addition to common fatty acids. The trunk bark, that is the chief source of neem chemicals yield nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, nimbosterol, essential oils and tannins, all of which have medicinal properties. The heartwood and the gum that exudes from it also possess several chemical principles. Finally, the seed is rich in high lipid content and yields azadirachtin, azadiradione, fraxinellone, nimbin, salannin, salannol, vepinin, vilasinin and several organic acids. Neem cake is rich in minerals, protein and fibre.
Neem seed oil (NSO) is composed of a complex mixture of biologically active compounds. When the natural neem oil is removed from the seeds and treated with alcohol, virtually all of the azadirachtin and related substances separate from the oil itself. The remaining oil - without the azadirachtin - is called ‘Clarified Hydrophobic Extract’ of Neem Oil and this is not very effective. Instead, use of expeller- expressed, cold pressed or virgin neem oil, sometimes called "raw" neem or "crude" neem oil, is recommended.
Neem Oil
. Neem seed oil, very bitter with a garlic/sulfur odour, is obtained from the kernels (which contain the oil to the extent of 50% together with vitamin E and other essential amino acids).
Neem oil extracted from the seeds is dark in colour with strong garlic odour; due to an allyl radical. The bitter principles of the oil are as follows:
Approx. readings: Oleic acid - 49-61.9%, Margosin – traces, Linoleic acid - 2.12-15%, Nimbidin - 0.5%, Palmitic acid - 14.4-21.3%, Nimbin - 0.03%, Stearic acid - 14.4-21.3%, Nimbinin – traces, Arachidic acid - 1.3-1.8%, Nimbusterol – traces, Lignoceric acid - 0.74%, Nimbidol - 0.6%, Sulphur - 0.427%.
Specification:
Product Details
Product name: Neem Oil
Genus/species: Azadirachta indica
Part used: Seed kernels
Color and appearance: Blackish Brown
Organoleptic characters: Garlic repulsive odor
Parameter: Standard Specification Physico-Chemical Analysis
Solubility: Dispersible in water after stirring
Suspensibility: Above 98%
Melting
Moisture & insoluble impurities--- 1%
Azadirachtin--- 1500 ppm
Refractive Index at 40C---1.4615 to 1.4705
Specific Gravity at 30C--- 0.908 to 0.934
Titer--- 35.8C
Iodine Value--- 65-80
Saponification Value---175 to 205
Unsaponification matter % by Wt.--- 2 %by mass
F.F.A. % by Weight--Upto 15 %
Metal Analysis:
Iron content---14.00 ppm,
Magnesium (on dry basis)--- 0.40 ppm,
Zinc as Zn--- 120.00 ppm,
Nitrogen as ‘N’--- 1.20% by mass
Phosphorous as ‘P---’ 0.07% by mass,
Potassium as ‘K’--- 0.01% by mass,
Packing International Standard
(www.sssbiotic.com , www.neemproduct.com , www.biosourcing.com ,
www.organic.co.in)
Product Details
Product name-Neem Extract
Genus/species: Azadirachta indica
Part used-Neem seed kernels
Color and appearance: Yellowish powder
Organoleptic characters: Characteristic odor
Parameter: Standard Specification
Physico-Chemical Analysis
Moisture--- Not more than 5 %,
Ash (on dry basis)--- Not more than 6 % ,
pH---6.2,
Azadirachtin technical content---15-25 %,
Extract Ratio---8:1 ,
Heavy Metal Analysis
Heavy metals--- Not detected,
Microbial Profile
Total Plate Count <>
Salmonella ----Absent,
E.Coli--- Absent,
Packing: International Standard packaging
Self life:2 years
(www.sssbiotic.com , www.neemproduct.com , www.biosourcing.com ,
Neem oil with its excellent moisturizing properties is used in many cosmetics and soaps. Its use was however limited on account of its bitter taste and odd odour. The oil quality has to be improved by adapting proper collection methods for seed, cleaning, drying and hygienic expelling techniques. Such a type of oil appear colourless and is acceptable for many theraupatic applications.
Neem is not a regulated plantation in rural
There are three main processes for extracting the oil from the seed kernels, some companies adapting combinations. The one used since antiquity is the mechanical press method. Neem seed kernels are placed into a tub and either a screw or some form of press is used to squeeze the kernels under pressure until the oil is pressed out and collected.
In the second method, the kernels are heated with steam to increase the oil flow, followed by squeezing under high pressure. Most of the oil is extracted from the kernels. A dark oil with disagrreable odour results in, often with the depletion of some active compounds.
The third and newest method is solvent extraction. This method is used by most seed oil processors since almost all of the oil is removed from the kernels. The neem seed kernels are finely ground and placed into a container along with a petroleum solvent, usually hexane. The neem oil is extracted completely from the kernels. The solvent extract is put into a vat where most of the solvent is recovered leaving the neem oil. Even neem cake, a product left behind in the process can be subjected to this type of solvent extraction in order to recover any neem oil further. The oil is stored in metal drums and shipped.
In a latest method, good quality neem oil with a majority of the active compounds intact is obtained by cold press. In cold pressing the oil is light-coloured and odourless.The high quality cold pressed neem oil is more expensive than solvent extracted oil.
Neem Cake
The residue left after the oil has been removed varies widely in composition. However, the broad ranges in composition are:
Specification:
Product name: Neem cake powder
Group species: Azadirachta indica
Parts used: Deoiled kernels
Colour & appearance: Blackish brown
Organoleptic characters: Characteristic odour
_____________________________________________________________
Parameter Standard specification Result
Moisture not more than 10% complies
Oil content not less than 16% “’’’’
Fibre, on dry basis 6-7% 5.5%
Ash, on dry basis not more than 16% complies
pH 5.0 “”””
metal analysis
Ca, on dry basis 0.6-0.9% confirms
Mg on dry basis 0.084% “”””””
N 2 as N 4-6% 3.56%
P as P 0.63% confirms
K as K 2.0% “””””
Na 0.38% “”””””
Packing 25 kg polyethylene bags
Shelf life 2 years
_____________________________________________________________
M/s Rym Exports, Mumbai, NeemDirect Holdings are prominent suppliers of many neem products.
This left-over ''neem cake" has considerable local potential. Although too bitter for animal feed, it appears to be an unique fertilizer. It contains more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium than ‘farmyard’ manure or sewage sludge. It is widely used in
Surprisingly, neem cake sometimes seems to make soil more fertile than calculations predicted. This is apparently due to an ingredient that blocks soil bacteria from converting nitrogenous compounds into (useless) nitrogen gas. When mixed with urea, for example, neem cake cuts down on the requirement of urea.
Neem Leaves
The cake is not the only source of fertilizer. In some areas of
Neem leaf extract
Neem, one of the most famous plants found throughout
Ingredients: Neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.) (seed): Dried water extract.
Neem leaf extract- Super
This is the most powerful and fast acting form of neem.
Ingredients: Certified organically grown neem leaf, extracted in pure alcohol, distilled water and vegetable glycerin.
.Dried neem leaf powder
Grinding the dried leaves into fine powder will allow a greater surface area for the release of beneficial compounds. The fine neem powder can be used to make tincture, teas or used as a bitter spice on foods. For external use, the powder can be incorporated into cosmetics, face masks or herbal preparations.
Ingredients: 100% pure, certified organic neem leaf
Supercritical CO2 Extracted Neem Leaf Capsules are high potency and broad spectrum, providing the full range of neem’s therapeutic properties. 8 mg high potency Neem Leaf extract per capsule. One capsule once daily as a dietary supplement
Ingredients: Each Softgel contains: Neem leaf extract (Supercritical CO2 Extract), Sesame oil, Soft Gelatin.
Neem Bark
Neem bark is bitter in taste; it contains most of the active ingredients as well as tannins
Neem powder is made from the bark, seeds and leaves by pounding them together and drying the mix in open sunlight. It is stored in airtight plastic bottles. The product can be utilized in several forms as an insecticide or as pest-management tablets. The bark also yields a strong, coarse fiber commonly woven into ropes.
Neem bark powder: For centuries, neem oil was used to treat disorders ranging from malaria to arthritis, diabetes and leprosy. Eventhough the oil contains most active ingredients, its toxicity raised some alarm. Instead many practitioners are using neem bark, which contains high levels of immuno-modulatory and immuno-stimulating compounds.
Along with immune-boosting properties, chew sticks made from neem bark that were traditionally used to brush teeth and help prevent gum disease found wider application. A 1996 study at the
Subsequent studies too indicate that neem bark is an effective antimalarial both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the ingredients of bark are known to inhibit lymphocytic leukemia as well as cancer.
OTHER NEEM PRODUCTS
Resin: An exudate can be tapped from the trunk by wounding the bark. This high-protein material is not a substitute for polysaccharide gums, such as gum arabic. It has been widely used in
Honey: In parts of
Food: There are odd reports of people eating tender neem leaves in small quantities.
Fruit Pulp pericarp represents about half the weight of neem fruits, and is a bi-product in the processing of seeds. This neem-fruit pulp is a promising substrate for some carbohydrate-rich fermented preparations.
Traditional practices in the use of Neem
Neem has been quoted in scientific literature as “A Tree for solving Global Problems”. Although known to the humanity since the ‘Mohanja-daro’ civilistatin times, its importance was greatly recognised since 1920 when researchers delivered several useful products.
Neem twig in ancient times was introduced as a ‘tooth brush’ and this practice is still continued in
Neem kernel extracts in water (produced by grinding the kernels in water) were sprayed on crops to repel the locusts in fields.
An infusion or decoction of fresh neem leaves is a medicinal dose for treatment of malaria. The leaves decoction is also given for jaundice, intestinal worms and even heart ailments.
The leaves were spilled on bed for patients suffering from measles, chicken pox,small pox and other irritating diseases.
An infusion of flowers render vitality and is a tonic for debility and nervousness. A preparation consisting of the neem flower, jaggery and raw mango chunks served on the auspicious “ugadi” day in
Neem fruits are administered to cure urinary diseases and piles in ayurveda since ages.
Neem oil was applied on portions of skin for curing rashes in people. It is anti-dermatonic and also an anthelmintic for humans.
The seeds serve as emetic, laxative etc. and were often relieving the poison effects among humans.
The older generation elders used to burn dried ‘margosa’ leaves to repel the ‘disease – causing’mosquitoes in villages and animal sheds and this clue was exploited in the development of ‘mosquito repellant’.
The margosa leaves used to be placed in raw rice bags and containers of pulses for long term storage in villages to prevent the pest from manifesting.
It is a traditional practice to use the water that was in contact with neem leaves, for bathing, as it was considered to be highly hygenic.
The works of Charaka, Sushrusha and other physicians of ancient
Proven pharmacological activity
Various parts of the neem tree have been subjected to medicinal application by Ayurvedic physicians in
Immunostimulant activity
The aqueous extract of neem bark and leaf possess anti-complement and immunostimulant activity. Neem oil has been shown to possess activity by selectively activating the cell-mediated immune mechanisms to elicit an enhanced response to subsequent mitogenic or antigenic challenge.
Hypoglycaemic activity
Aqueous extract of neem leaves significantly decrease blood sugar levels and prevent adrenaline as well as glucose-induced hyperglycaemia. Recent studies, in normal as well as alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits show a. hypoglycaemic effect when leaf extract and seed oil were administered.
Antiulcer effect
Neem leaf and bark aqueous extracts produce highly potent antiacid secretory and antiulcer activity in animal experiments.
Antifertility effect
Intra-vaginal application of neem oil, prior to coitus, can prevent pregnancy in women. It was considered a novel method of contraception.
Antimalarial activity
Neem seed and leaf extracts are effective against both choroquin-resistant and sensitive strain malarial parasites.
Antifungal activity
Extracts of neem leaf and neem oil seed kernels are most effective against certain fungi such as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microspor Trichosporon, Geotricum and Candida.
Antibacterial activity
Oil from the leaves, seed, and bark possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial action against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including M. tuberculosis and streptomycin resistant strains. In vitro, it inhibits Vibrio cholerae Klebsiella pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis and M. pyogenes. Antimicrobial effects of neem extract have been demonstrated against Streptococcus mutans and S. faecalis.
Antiviral activity
Aqueous leaf extract offers antiviral activity against Vaccinia virus, Chikungunya, and measles virus.
Anticancer activity
Neem leaf aqueous extract effectively suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA), as revealed by reduced incidence of neoplasm. Neem may exert its chemopreventive effect in the oral mucosa by modulation of glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes.
Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity of neem seed extract has been demonstrated in vivo during horse- grain germination.
Effect on central nervous system
Varying degrees of central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity in mice was observed with the leaf extract. Fractions of acetone extract of leaf showed significant CNS depressant activity.
Possible medicinal applications of neem
Neem extract is effective in curing ringworm, eczema and scabies. Lotion derived from neem leaf, when locally applied, can cure these dermatological diseases within three to four days in acute stage or in a fortnight in a chronic case.
A paste prepared from neem oil and turmeric in equal proportions was found to be effective in the treatment of scabies during clinical study.
Neem leaf extract has been prescribed for oral use in the treatment of malaria by Indian ayurvedic practitioners from time immemorial. Recently, a clinical trial has been carried out to establish the efficacy of neem extract to control hyperlipidemia in a group of malarial patients severely infected with P. falciparum. The lipid level, especially cholesterol, was found to be lower during therapy when compared to non-malaria patients. Reports are available regarding the use of neem to treat patients suffering from various forms of cancer. One patient with parotid tumor and another with epidermoid carcinoma have responded well when treated with neem seed oi1.
NIM- 76, a refined product from neem oil, was studied in ten human volunteers, to determine whether intra-vaginal application before sexual intercourse would prevent pregnancy without an adverse effect on vagina, cervix and uterus. The data established that intrauterine treatment was safe.
Neem and Environment
Neem tree plays an important role in the management of environment in rural and urban areas. As it is a ‘hard’ plant belonging to Mahogany family, it can be grown in wastelands, arid zones, sandy soils and all degraded areas and grasslands. Neem tree is planted for enabling greenery in any bare street or ground and very little attention is required to cultivate it.
Usually neem tree is planted to check soil erosion in degraded lands; at the same time it adds greenery and reclaims the land. The neem products also fetch revenue to the State that may be in turn put back for the maintenance of the plantation. The powerful and extensive roots of the tree extract the nutrients from the highly leached sandy soils and once again replenish them in the form of falling leaves and mulch twigs on the ground. Neem tree is often planted to prevent the loss of topsoil by wind-erosion during winter in the African continent. Even the top soil erosion occurring due to water erosion was prevented in
The cultivation of bulk number of trees also help producing an oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide depleted atmosphere, thereby contributing to hindered global warming. Cultivated in industrial zones, neem trees cut down the chemical pollution by absorbing the common SOx , CO , NOx gases/vapours etc. The tree gives shelter to many birds and vultures thus preserving the scenic beauty and ecology. On the road side, the pedestrians, animals pulling the carts, cattle and other domestic birds and bees enjoy the summer in shade.
Neem seed cake (residue of neem seeds after oil extraction) when used for soil amendment or added to soil, not only enriches the soil with organic matter but also lowers nitrogen losses by inhibiting nitrification. It also works as a nematicide.
Neem as a pest regulator in Environment:
The paper appended hereunder focus how important is the ‘neem’ tree in regulating the pests prevalent in our environment.
Neem
Common names: Neem, Margosa tree
Scientific name: Azadirachta indica
Family: Meliaceae
Plant parts used
Leaves and seeds
Mode of action
Repellent, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antifeedant, oviposition and growth inhibiting, and crop and grain protectant
(Prakash; Rao, 1997: pp. 35-103)
Formulations
| Materials | Methods of preparation | How to use | Target pests |
| Neem leaf extract
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| Neem seed extract
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| Neem seed powder extract (Singh; Singh, 2000: pp. 5-7)
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| Neem seed oil suspension in water
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Approximately 650-750 ml oil is extracted from this mixture. |
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Neem as prophylactic
1. Pound neem leaves or seeds or neem cake: Put it in a clay pot. Add twice the volume of water, then cover securely the opening of the pot. Let it stand for 3 nights.
To use, divide the filtrate into 4 (or more) and put these separately in opened containers. Place containers in strategic areas in the field at night time to repel nocturnal pests. The smell repels the insects from coming into the field.
2. Fill in jute sacks with neem cake. Place the sacks along the water canals. The dissolved neem cake carried into the field prevents the attack of pests and diseases affecting the roots and tillers.
Notes:
1. Neem seed extract should be milky white in color and not brownish. If pounded with the seed coat on, 1 ½ times the amount of seeds are required.
2. It is very important to add the soap with the oil before adding water. It should be used immediately otherwise oil droplets will start floating. A knapsack sprayer is better for neem oil spraying because it has the tendency to mix the extract while in the process of spraying.
3. The 3 extract formulations can also be used for fungal diseases control including those that are soilborne. Neem cake can be used as soil manure- to improve the soil condition and to control various species of nematodes.
Table 1. Recommended powdered kernels and water ratio for various pests
(Singh; Singh, 2000: pp. 5-7)
| Pests | Powdered kernels in grams (g) per liter (l) of water | Powdered kernels in kilograms (kg) per 600 liters (l) of water per hectare (ha) |
| Dessert locust | 5 | 3 |
| Hairy caterpillar Giant looper Gypsy moth Migratory locust | 10 | 6 |
| Leaf miners | 15 | 9 |
| Cabbage aphid Japanese beetle Tobacco caterpillar | 20 | 12 |
| Chafer beetle Colorado potato beetle Flea beetle | 30 | 18 |
| Corn earworm | 40 | 24 |
| American bollworm Aphids Cotton leaf roller Diamondback moth Grasshopper Leaf hopper Leaf miner Red locust Mexican bean beetle Mustard aphid Whiteflies | 50 | 30 |
| Fall armyworm | 60 | 36 |
| Pod fly | 80 | 48 |
| Citrus leafminer | 100 | 60 |
Table 2. Recommended neem oil in water suspension for various pests
(Singh; Singh, 2000: pp. 5-7)
| Pests | Neem oil in milliliter (ml) per liter water | Neem oil in liter (l) per 600 liters (l) of water per hectare (ha) |
| Potato tuber moth Red and yellow scales Tortoise beetle | 10 | 6 |
| Psyllid Whitefly | 15 | 9 |
| Midge Whorl maggot | 20 | 12 |
| Cotton aphids Flea beetle Gall midge Leafhopper | 30 | 18 |
| Brown planthopper | 100 | 60 |
Precaution: Oil may be phytotoxic at a ratio of 10 ml oil/liter of water on sensitive plants. Wait for 2 days for the effects (symptoms) to appear before going into large scale application.
Standard procedures for the preparation and application of the plant extracts
1. Select plant parts that are free from diseases.
2. When storing the plant parts for future usage, make sure that they are properly dried and are stored in an airy container (never use plastic container), away from direct sunlight and moisture. Make sure that they are free from molds before using them.
3. Use utensils for the extract preparation that are not use for your food preparation and for drinking and cooking water containers. Clean properly all the utensils every time after using them.
4. Do not have a direct contact with the crude extract while in the process of the preparation and during the application.
5. Make sure that you place the plant extract out of reach of children and house pets while leaving it overnight.
6. Harvest all the mature and ripe fruits before extract application.
7. Always test the plant extract formulation on a few infested plants first before going into large scale spraying. When adding soap as an emulsifier, use a potash-based one.
8. Wear protective clothing while applying the extract.
9. Wash your hands after handling the plant extract.
Effect on humans
None; the proper use of neem has not been associated with any side effects.
Effect on non-target organisms
Azadirachtin is relatively harmless to butterflies, bees, ladybugs, and wasps since these beneficials feed on nectar and pollen. Azadirachtin must be ingested to be effective so that pests which feed on plants are affected by its content. However, constant spraying of flowering plants with highly concentrated neem products affect bees since they carry contaminated pollen and nectar to the hives (National Research Council, 1992).
A study was conducted on neem products and their effects on mortality, growth, and reproduction of 7 species of earthworms. Various neem products were incorporated in the upper 10cm soil layer of tomato plots. None of the materials had negative side effects on earthworms. Positive effects on weight and survival were found in soil treated with ground neem leaves and ground seed kernels under greenhouse conditions. Reproduction was slightly favored over a period of 13 weeks in a neem-enriched substrate in rearing cages (Rossner; Zebitz, 1986: pp. 627-632).
Azadirachtin has no side effects on birds and other animals (Martineau, 1994). There is no toxic residue left to contaminate the environment and insects do not develop resistance to neem (Prakash; Rao, 1997: pp. 35-103).
External links
HEAR/PIER. Azadirachta indica. http://www.hear.org/pier/imagepages/thumbnails/azadirachta_indica.htm
HDRA. Diamondback moth. http://www.hdra.org.uk/cgi-bin/countlink.cgi?www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TPC3
The
References
Martineau, J. (1994): MSDS for Azatin-EC biological insecticide. AgriDyne Technologies, Inc.
National Research Council. (1992): Neem: A tree for solving global problems.
Prakash, A.; Rao, J. (1997): Botanical pesticides in agriculture. CRC Press.
Rossner, J.; Zebitz, C. (1986): Effect of soil treatment with neem products on earthworms (Lumbricidae). A paper presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd International Neem Conference,
Schmutterer, H. Editor. (1995): The neem tree. VHC Verlagsgesellschaft,
Singh, R.; Singh, S. (2000): Neem for pest management: How to grow and use. Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
Sridhar, S.; Vijayalakshmi, K. (2002): Neem: A user’s manual. CIKS, Chennai.
PAN Germany, OISAT; Email oisat@pan-germany.org
The copyright conditions of the website creator state that “ information contained in the PAN Germany's OISAT Info is owned by the Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk e.V. (PAN Germany), based in
Neem and Energy
The excessive quantity of ‘leaf-mulch’, fallen twigs, the kernel-peels and the ripe fruit trash that collect below the tree in the vast yards, contribute to ‘Biomass’. In addition, the ‘neem cake’ usually in yields ranging from 7-12% of the whole dried fruits , which is categorised as biomass, also accumulates in neem yards. Considering biomass as an energy producing product (energy @ 8-16 GJ/ ton), it may be concluded that neem is an energy resource. Commercial grade kernels of neem contain 42% of neem oil. Expelling this oil in village ‘ghanis’ afford 35% of the non-drying oil that finds use in soaps and cosmetics. Also, the oil can be used in lighting, heating. Neem oil can be modified to a “polyol” to substitute a rocket fuel, namely, polypropylene glycol. Elaborate studies to use this oil as an additive in ‘biofuels’ is also in progress.
Fuel: Neem produces several useful fuels. Neem oil is burned in lamps throughout
Neem and Pharmaceuticals
Neem was referred as “sarva roga nivarini” in the ancient medical records in
Recipe for Neem Tea (medicinal)
Distilled water should always be used when making tea.
One handful, that is, about one cup of whole leaf, is taken to one quart of boiling water. If using leaf powder, one ounce or one quarter cup of powder per quart of water is the equivalent. The leaf is brewed and allowed to stand overnight. The leaf is strained from the liquid, and the tea is put into a bottle or jug for drinking as needed. When powder is used, the brew is collected into a tall glass jar or bottle and allowed to stand in the refrigerator until the sediment settles to the bottom. Subsequently the supernatant fluid is drawn into a tumbler as required.
The tea should be kept in the refrigerator for long term storage. If left out, a scum develops over the liquid. Grapefruit seed extract can be used as a preservative (10 drops per quart), or else refrigeration is the best method for preservation.
The ‘health tea’ made in Hawaii is a blend of neem tea extract together with ginger, garlic,cinnamon etc. for the control of stomach disorders.
Neem is "the village pharmacy" and its anti-microbial properties are unique. Drinking neem tea help relieve digestive disorders, diabetes, and help promote overall well-being. Organic
Fungicides
Neem has been effective against certain fungi that infect the human body. The fungi cause scabies, arsenical dermitis, eczema and seborrhoeic dermatitis. The manifestations of fungi is a menace and has been difficult to control even by synthetic fungicides. For example, in one laboratory study, conducted by Khan and Wassilew – 1987, neem preparations showed toxicity to cultures of 14 common fungi, including members of the following genera:
• Trichophyton – an ‘athlete’s foot’ fungus that infects hair, skin and nails;
• Epidermophyton – a ‘ringworm’ that invades both skin and nails of the feet;
• Microsporum – a ‘ringworm’ that invades hair, skin and (rarely) nails;
• Trichosporon – a fungus of the intestinal tract;
• Geotrichum – a yeast like fungus that causes infections of the bronchi, lungs and mucous membranes;
• Candida – a yeast-like fungus that is part of the normal flora but can get out of control, leading to lesions in mouth (thrush), vagina, skin, hands and lungs.
It has been demonstrated that nimbidin present in neem is very effective in the cure of these skin diseases.
A ‘Fungicidal Preparation’ from neem is made as follows:
Dried neem leaves are extracted with 70% ethyl alcohol and evaporated; the residue left over in the flask is dissolved in polyethylene glycol (4: 6) and bottled as the drug.
Bactericides
Neem components and some commercially developed creams have been found to be very effective on staphylococci and Clostridia types of bacteria that afflict humans most. Neem extract also effectively controlled the dreadful Salmonella typhosa bacteria that is responsible for typhoid fever (which is transmitted through water and food). Nimbin, nimbidin and sodium nimbidinate formulations also display antibacterial activity against Plasmidium gellinaecum bacteria.
Neem mosquito repellents
(from NeemDirect Holdings)
Citronella sticks are safe and natural, indoors and outside. Citronella sticks fill the air with such a cloud of citronella that it sends those mosquitoes back into the woods. But to humans, citronella smells just like waking up in the middle of a citrus grove.
Ingredients:
Each incense stick burns for approximately 2 hours.
The delightful citronella, neem and lemongrass incense will fill any outdoor area with a crisp, clean, delightful fragrance.
Neem-based Malaria drug: An infusion or a decoction of the fresh leaves is a bitter vegetable tonic especially in chronic malarial fevers because of its action on the liver. It should be taken in doses of 15 to 50 grams.
Neem antiviral cream: A lubricative cream based on neem oil expected to protect humans against ‘herpes” virus during intercourse was developed recently; this discovery was the outcome of the finding that neem extracts were toxic to virus in general. The tests performed on human genetic herpes complaint were so far encouraging.
Antiviral Leprosy Control Preparation: The sap of the neem tree has been found to be effective in leprosy, when taken in daily doses of 50-60 grams. Simultaneously, the patient’s body should be massaged with the sap. This regimen should be continued for about 4-6 weeks. If the sap is not available, 12 grams of neem leaves and 3 decigrams of pepper can be ground in water and taken.
Prescription drug for psoriasis: Neem oil, marketed as ‘Triple 7 Oil’ is used in the treatment of psoriasis.
Anti-fertility “Neem Contraceptive”, ’Praneem’
Praneem polyherbal cream, a spermicidal formulation, has been developed at the National Institute of Immunology, which makes use of Praneem, a purified extract from the dried seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem), extract from the pericarp of fruits of Sapindus species as well as quinine hydrochloride. These ingredients have a synergistic spermicidal activity; an optimised formula was derived. The components were made into a water-soluble cream base prepared by using pharmaceutically acceptable base and stabilised by addition of IP grade antioxidants and preservatives.
The cream is devoid of irritation and sensitization potential, as seen with standard Draize test on normal and abraded skin of rabbits and by 21- day cumulative skin sensitivity in human volunteers. The formulation was found to be safe under subacute toxicity studies in monkeys. The formulation has shown high contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and in monkeys after intravaginal application. The shelf-life of the cream at room temperature has been estimated to be 18 months during accelerated stability testing.
(Garg S Taluja V Upadhyay SN Talwar GP, Studies on the contraceptive efficacy of Praneem polyherbal cream. In: Contraception (1993 Dec) 48(6):591-6 ISSN: 0010-7824 Registry Numbers: 130-95-0 (Quinine))
| Praneem | Contraceptive. Suppository, tablet and cream formulations contain citrata oil and purified extracts from neem tree. | Expanded safety trial under way in |
The fund of knowledge in
(http://maxpages.com/neemtree/NEEM_PRODUCTS )
In the following paragraphs, a brief account on some ‘Home-made’ neem preparations was focused. This information would serve the population as a guideline.
Malaria: An infusion or a decoction of the fresh leaves is a bitter vegetable tonic and alternative, especially in chronic malarial fevers because of its action on the liver. It should be taken in doses of 15 to 50 grams.
Piles: The use of 3 grams of the inner bark of neem with 6 grams of jaggery every morning is very effective in piles. To check bleeding piles, 3 to 4 neem fruits can be administered with water.
Leprosy: The sap of the neem tree has been found to be effective in leprosy, when taken in daily doses of 50-60 grams. Simultaneously, the patient’s body should be massaged with the sap. This regimen should be continued for about 4-6 weeks. If the sap is not available, 12 grams of neem leaves and 3 decigrams of pepper can be ground in water and taken.
Skin disorders: The leaves, applied externally, are very useful in skin diseases. They are especially beneficial in the treatment of boils, chronic ulcers, eruptions of smallpox, syphilitic sores, glandular swellings and wounds. They can be used either as a poultice, decoction or liniment. An ointment prepared from neem leaves is also very effective in healing ulcers and wounds. This ointment is prepared by frying 50 grams of leaves in 50 grams of pure ghee and mashing the mixture thoroughly in the same ghee till a viscous consistency is obtained. A paste prepared from the bark by rubbing it in water can also be applied on wounds.
Hair disorders: If there is any hair loss or hair has ceased to grow, washing with the decoction of neem leaves helps. This will not only stop hair from falling but also help their growth. Frequent application of neem oil also destroys insects in the hair. It also helps in premature graying of hair.
Eye diseases: Neem is very useful in eye diseases. Application of the juice of neem leaves to the eyes every night is highly effective in the treatment of night blindness. The leaves should be pounded and made into a thin paste with water. The juice should then be pressed out through a clean piece of cloth and applied to the eyes with an eye rod. The juice thus obtained can also be applied in the eyes affected by conjunctivitis. Eyes are cured after a few applications.
Ear ailments: Steam fomentation with neem decoction provides immediate comfort in cases of ear-ache. A handful of neem leaves should be boiled in a liter of water and the ear fomented with the steam thus produced.The juice thus obtained is mixed with an equal quantity of pure honey and this formulation is an effective remedy for any boils in the ear. The juice is to be warmed a little and a few drops fused in the ear. Regular application for a few days will provide relief. In case of an insect fluxing in the ear, the juice of neem leaves, with some common salt, is warmed and a few drops poured in the ear, kill the insect. Two drops of lukewarm neem oil put in the ear twice a day can cure deafness too.
Oral disorders: Cleaning the teeth regularly with a neem twig prevents gum diseases. It firms up loose teeth, relieves toothache, evacuates the bad odor and protects the mouth from various infections.
Other Therapeutic Uses: It is effectively used against inflammation, arthritis, fevers, malaria, anti-microbial, which means viral bacteria as well as fungal and many parasites, tumors, ulcers, diabetes etc..
(information abstracted from: Planet Inc. Internet Reports ).
Neem and cosmetics
Neem soap
For over 4000 years soapmakers in all parts of
Ingredients: Coconut oil, sodium hydroxide, organic fresh neem leaf extract, fresh organic aloe vera gel, cold-pressed neem oil, neem bark and sea salt.
Dermacare-neem tablets
DermaCare is a unique complex herbal formula that helps maintain a healthy skin. It has a broad effect on many underlying mechanisms linked to optimum skin conditions. In Ayurveda, radiant skin is a key indicator of good health, which can be reached through a broad approach. For example, detoxification through liver support and the optimization of the immune system’s performance are two essentials for good health and skin appearance. DermaCare promotes a healthy skin by supporting many specific skin metabolisms. The use of natural products provides progressive but long-lasting results
Usage: 1 or 2 tablets twice a day, preferably with meals is the prescription. Ingredients: Guggul, tumeric, triphala, neem, Indian laburnum, orchid.
Neem leaf capsules-Tonic
Neem leaf is traditionally used in the ayurveda as a tonic and blood cleanser, and is considered to be cooling to counteract Pitta (fire element of human body) imbalances. As a herbal dietary supplement neem leaf can be used daily to help support proper immune system function and also the diet to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
Ingredients: Each capsule contains 400 mg. of certified organically grown neem leaf powder. These are free of salt, sugar, corn, soy, yeast, wheat, dairy products, and are formulated without preservatives, flavors, colors or excipients
Radiant skin-neem capsules
Indications: This natural herbal remedy combines the powerful detoxifying and antioxidant properties of neem and turmeric with the calcium absorbing potential of amla to create a product with tremendous healing and rejuvenating capabilities. With the help of ‘Radiant Skin’, toxins and impurities are removed from the blood and its circulation is improved, resulting in a healthier complexion. The combined benefits of these highly effective herbs, now available in potencies, provide one with balance and youthfulness, helping to restore skin to a healthy and radiant glow.
Use: One capsule two times daily or as directed.
Ingredients: A proprietary blend of standardized extracts of: Amalaki, Babchi, Bioperin, Gudduchi, Commiphora Mukul (Guggul) Standardized to 25mg of Guggulsterones type E & Z, Neem, and Turmeric 95% Curcuminoids extract.
Dental cream:
The Himalaya Drug Co.,
Ingredients: Pomegranate (2.57mg), Meswak (1.80mg), Babool (1.71mg), Triphala (1.71mg), Vidanga (1.71mg), Nirgundi (1.14mg)
Other Ingredients : Tankana (5mg), Vaikranta bhasma (2mg), Neem (1.44mg), and Ajamoda satva (1mg).
Neem dental care/mouth freshening creams
Desert Essence Tea Tree Oil- Dental Care Products are the perfect choice for oral hygiene routine. They contain no harsh abrasives, synthetic sweeteners or artificial flavors. Simply pure and natural ingredients to keep the mouth feeling fresh throughout the day. Desert Essence Tea Tree Oil Dental Care System includes toothpaste available in four flavors: Fennel, Ginger, Mint and Wintergreen with Neem; Mouthwash, Dental Floss, Dental Tape, Dental Pics and Breath Fresheners are also available.
Ingredients: Calcium Carbonate, Vegetable Glycerin, Pure Water, Organic Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia), Neem Extract, Essential Oil of Wintergreen, Baking Soda, Carrageenan (Seaweed Extract), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sea Salt.
Highly Effective Neem Tooth Paste (AYURVEDIC)
This highly effective Ayurvedic toothpaste combines the natural tooth-whitening fibre PEELU with the astringent and invigorating properties of NEEM and 22 other barks, roots, plants and flowers that were esteemed for centuries by Ayurvedic specialists for maintaining optimum dental hygiene.
Ayurveda is the ancient holistic science of India which aims at a total harmony of Mind, Life, Body, and Spirit in a balance with nature's rhythm's and the world around.
Ingredients: Fine chalk (a gentle cleanser), Glycerine (from vegetable oil), Pure Water, Herbal extract blend: [Peelu (Savadora persica), Neem (Azadirachta), Indian Licorice Root, Pomegranate rind, Common Jujube, Rose Apple, Clove, Persian Walnut, Barleria prinoitis bark (vajardanti), Indian Almond, Bedda nut, Asian Holly Oak, Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum alatum (Tejbal), Sappan wood, Catechu, Bengal Madder, Acacia arabica bark (Babul), Sarsparilla, Cinnamon, Medler bark, Mayweed, Bishop's weed (flower extract)], Silica, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (from Indian coconut oil), Carageenan (from seaweed), Cellulose gum (from plants), Clove oil, Anethol, Geranium extract.
Regular use gently and naturally cleans and polishes teeth to their whitest, invogirates and soothes sensitive gums, and purifies the mouth and breath.
Commercial neem tooth paste is marketed by M/s Henkel India Ltd. Recommended for sensitive teeth.
Neem and chemical industry
The small-scale Chemical industry developed fast in our country around the areas where neem plantations were plenty. The energy and water availability must also be plenty. The exhaustive knowledge on ‘neem and neem products’ helps the enterpreneur to target success rather comfortably. Thus, the chief industrial products on a semi-large scale produced from the industry are in the neem-based fertiliser, pesticide and mosquito repellent sectors. All these products are quite useful in the rural zones and for general public. A brief account on these technologies is dealt with in the following pages.
Neem based Fertilisers
Neem leaf mulch: The leaves, raw as well as ripen, the fruits and the twigs that have fallen on the ground in the areas occupied by the neem tree have been manually picked up, pooled in heaps at a corner, and allowed to fade down into a plastic texture. The mass is then packed in gunny bags and sent to manure supply depots.
Neem leaf mulch is placed at the foot of household plants or distributed over the whole field to serve as a manure. The commercial product ‘Celrich’ marketted by M/s Excel Industries is commonly used in home gardens.
Neem-based fertiliser: The neem cake obtained after extracting the oil from seeds is collected and packed into bags. This puffy powder when spread on ground enriches the quality of soil and is a renown fertiliser.
Neem cake-Urea blended fertiliser: Urea is the major source of nitrogenous fertilizer used in agriculture. It is estimated that out of the total quantity of urea applied to crops, about 50- 70% is lost in various forms, thereby reducing the availability of nitrogen to crops. There is an age old practice in
Mode of Action: When uncoated urea is applied to the soil, the urea (amide) nitrogen is rapidly converted to ammoniacal nitrogen and subsequently to nitrite and nitrate forms. Nitrogen in these forms, besides being absorbed by plants, is also rapidly lost from the soil due to leaching, run off, volatilization and denitrification. When Neem Cake powder coated - urea is applied to soil, the triterpenes present in neem inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacteria resulting in delayed transformation of ammoniacal nitrogen into nitrite- nitrogen. This ensures slow and continuous availability of nitrogen matching the requirements of crop plant during their life cycle.
Advantages:
(1) Ready to use, economical and easy to apply.
(2) Ensures slow and continuous availability of nitrogen to crops.
(3) Reduces nitrogen loss from urea due to leaching and denitrification.
(4) Protects crops from soil borne pests.
Simple process of coating urea (small scale):
50 kg urea is spread on a clean surface in the shade.
250 gm neem cake powder is evenly mixed ensuring proper spreading on urea.
Neem Cake powder is rubbed to urea thoroughly by hand to get a uniform coating. For larger quantities of urea, suitable mixers can be used.
Coated urea is allowed to dry till it is free flowing and ready to use.
A modified ‘neem cake-urea blended fertiliser’ meant for production on a large scale was recently developed at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, according to the following technique.
A mixture of 1 kg coal tar and 2 litres of kerosine is prepared in a flask. This solution is slowly added to100 kg of urea placed in a ‘seed-coating’ drum. The drum is slowly rotated in order to achieve a good coating of coal tar over urea. Thereafter , 20 kg of finely powdered neem cake is added and the contents of the drum are thoroughly mixed. The urea grains are thus coated with neem cake and these are appropriately packed for use in fields.
In the field experiments conducted at Delhi on urea-neem cake blends, a blend containing 160 kg urea + 40 kg neem cake (prepared according to the above-mentioned process) when applied on farm land (1 hectare), produced 6 additional quintals of raw rice than a control farm of a hectare with 200 kg of urea alone on it. This experiment revealed that the farmer could save 40 kg urea per hectare , and also get additional yield of 6 quintals of raw rice, at the same time. On account of the use of neem cake blend with conventional fertiliser such as, urea, superphosphate etc., a saving of about 25-50% of Urea Nitrogen, together with 6 quintals additional produce can be gained. Also, by incorporating neem cake into the soil, nitrification is inhibited, thus reducing nitrogen loss through leaching and denitrificatiion. Therefore, this process helps in the maintenance of nitrogen fertiliser usage in fields. The trial results are encouraging and this is a leap forward in ‘rural technology’ in
Neem-based Pesticides
One of the oldest pest controlling agent of plant origin known to ancesters is ‘neem leaf’. Food grains in earthern containers are filled with grains and neem leaves together. The grains, usually pulses, rice, wheat etc.are mixed with neem leaves and put in the container in order to protect them against beetles, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhizopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Calosobruchus chinensis species, . Even woolen clothing is guarded with neem leaves from damage by moth. The growth of about 200 insects could be impaired by exposure to neem leaves/products.
Azadirachtin, meliantriol and salanin affect the harmonal balance of insects by inhibiting their feeding practice and disrupt their growth.
Neem extract, prepared from neem powder, 1 part, with 16 parts of water, followed by slow evaporation on burner to one fourth volume, is a natural, eco-friendly pesticide. This extract exhibit anti-feedant activity to protect foliage from desert locust species.
Both Azadirachtin and Salannin triterpenoids in seed kernel are good disinfestation agents for rice brown plant hopper, gell midge ear head bug and other pests. These pesticides disrupt the general metamorphosis of hoppers too.
Neem tree and its in-grained aromatic principles repel many white ant species.
Aqueous leaf extract (1kg/45 litres) when sprayed on fruits, vegetables etc. destroys larva. Neem oil (0.4% extractive) is a mosquito larve killer.
Neem cake spread on land (1800 kg/hectare) eradicates root galls of okra and tomato generated from Meloidogyne javonica and the larval Meloidogyne incognita.
Neem cake also prolongs the shelf life of other pesticides already applied in fields through a process of ‘synergism’ attacking the nematodes present in soil. This is an added feature of neem cake granules in the fields.
Neem Timber
As mentioned previously, neem is a member of the mahogany family, and the properties of its wood resemble mahogany wood. It is relatively heavy, with a specific gravity varying from 0.56 to 0.85 (average, 0.68). When freshly cut, it has a strong smell. Although easily sawn, worked, polished, and glued, it must be dried carefully because it often splits and warps. It also splits easily when nailed, so that holes must be prebored. Nevertheless, it is a good construction timber and is widely used in carts, tool handles, and agricultural implements. In
The heartwood is red when first exposed, but in sunlight it fades to reddish brown. It is aromatic, beautifully mottled, narrowly interlocked, and medium- to- coarse in texture. It is subject to only slight shrinkage and can be readily worked by hand or machine. Although it lends itself to carving, it does not take a high polish.
The timber is durable even in exposed situations. It is seldom attacked by termites, is resistant to woodworms, and it makes useful fence posts and poles for house construction. Pole wood is especially important in developing countries; the tree's ability to resprout after cutting and to regrow its canopy after pollarding makes neem highly suited to pole production.
Outlook
The world’s neem plantations are not very large enough to yield sufficient quantities of manufactured products. Only a few countries in the tropics of globe, such as
As Neem Cultivation, Technologies and Pharmacy has the abode in villages of
As regards the treatment of diseases with natural neem or its products, the fund of knowledge in the countries where this tree is considered a gift, is enormous. In fact ancient
It is not fair to disapprove the facts and findings that have accumulated from the neem studies in the ancient cultures of
Neem products, no doubt, are eco-friendly; the degradation products obtained after the use of these natural materials would not find any difficulty in admixing with the Nature, and so use of neem products has to be encouraged in preference to synthetics.
Since Neem wood is anti-termite and tough, preferential use of this structural timber in rural areas ( where it is abundant) has to be encouraged.
PREPARATION OF EXTRACTS FROM PLANT PARTS
The fundamental parts of plants namely the root, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits, offer a variety of active ingredients that can be concentrated or extracted for subsequent incorporation in medicinal preparations. It is in this form the aloe, papaya and the neem stand qualified for medicinal applications. The following general account on the extraction principles reveal the usefulness of this preparative medicine going on in
Medicinals arising from different parts of plant.
Common name Botanical name Medicinal applications
_____________________________________________________________
Flame of
regulation
Indian Laburnum “ Cassia fistula decoction of root-expansion
of heart blood vessels
Indian Madder “ Rubia cardifolia powder- blood purifier
Drum stick “ Molinga oleifera pterygospermin- anti-
tubercular drug; liver disorders
Turmeric Curcuma longa antiseptic; luster;general
health improver in foods.
Neem Azadirachta indica anti-pests in soils
Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra cough reliever; throat lozenges
Neem bark “” antiseptic
Sandal wood Santalum album nerve-soother;skin softener;
treatment of ulcers; antibacterial
Drum stick leaves Molinga oleifera pain reliever; suppressant of odema.
remedy
Papaya Carica papaya digester in food.
Aloe Aloe barbadendous antiseptic; tonic blend..
Neem Azadirachta indica antibacterial
Jasmine Jasminum grandiflorum worm control in body; kidney
clearer; eye-soother
Rose
Neem Azadirachta indica stomachic; tonics
Neem fruit “’’’’’ antibacterial and antifungal in
body
Papaya Carica papaya nuririon, ;foods, digestive agents.
______________________________________________________________
The active ingredients are concentrated in different parts of the plant namely roots, bark, twigs and seeds and these compounds go into the medicinals; in this respect, the decoctions/tea, infusions, tinctures and lotions etc. made out of them are more powerful than the original form.; since ages the ayurvedic physicians in India and the herbal practitioners in oriental countries adapted the following commonly practised techniques.
Preparation of decoctions or tea: Fresh or dried plant material cut nicely into chunks is placed in a beaker or suitable utensil and covered over sufficient water. The vessel is placed on a burner and the water boiled and kept at rest for a period of 30 minutes. Later the water that has extracted the ingredients of the plant material has been filtered using a strainer and the filtrate, called decoction or tea is stored in a tight bottle or flask. Decoctions normally store at room temperature for nearly 2-3 days without change.
The preparation of decoctions is common in household for making decoctions of coffee, tea, pepper, coriander and the like. Sometimes a home-type percolater is used to make the teas. An elaborate laboratory-type of extraction of the ingredients is through a Soxhlet Extractor (Vogel,AI,2000 ed. ).
Preparation of infusions: The sensitive or labile materials such as flowers, tender leaves etc. of plants are subjected to the extraction process known as ‘infusion’. The technique involves placing the materials in a small strainer and keeping the whole in a tea cup; later about 150ml of boiling water is poured through the strainer into the cup and the cup with the strainer (plant material) is allowed to remain for 10 minutes when the extraction is complete. The fluid is filtered through another strainer into a tight flask and stored for a day. Infusions can be fortified with nutrients such as honey, fruit nectars or flavours.
Cold infusion with oils: The active ingredients of a plant part, if sensitive to extract strongly, and at the same time soluble in oil (vegetable oil of the type –olive or sunflower) can be carefully brought into the extract by soaking the material in a beaker over the oil for about 4-6 weeks, flask being covered, placing in a sunny area and then draining the extracted oil into a coloured bottle. The ‘cold infused’ plant extract thus obtained can be blended with essences, flavours etc and can be stored upto one year.
Hot infusion with oils: If the plant material in sufficient amount is mixed with olive or sunflower oil in a bowl, covered with watch glass and heated over a hot water bath for a period of 2-3 hours, the sensitive ingredients of plant get extracted into oil. The bowl is cooled and the plant material was separated from the extract by filtering through a strainer. The oil infusion thus obtained is stored in a coloured bottle, air-tight, for a year.
Preparation of tinctures: Tinctures of plant products are made by soaking the material in alcohol for periods ranging from
Neem tincture is made in this fashion from dried neem leaves.
Preparation of lotions: Lotions are water-based decoctions meant for overall covering of skin and are to be prepared daily. The plant material in sufficient quantity is placed in a trough containing hot wather. After allowing it to remain for 10 minutes, the plant material may be removed, and to the aqueous extract more hot water is added. This lotion is to be used for wiping hands, legs, belly or the whole body even.
Preparation of compresses: If a dry cloth is soaked into a lotion, taken out, the excess water drained, then it serves as an antiseptic cloth. This can be covered on injured/itched parts of body, compressed by another hand and left for about 2 hours. Lotions and Compresses are often used in hospitals. A lotion can also be made easily from either a decoction/infusion or tincture instead of the basic plant material.
Preparation of ointments: An ointment is a blend of oil or wax with the active plant ingredient. This is made by melting together the plant ingredient and paraffin wax in a bowl kept on a hot water bath for about 15-20 minutes. Later, the extracted liquefied wax was squeezed while hot, collected and poured into bottles and stored. Ointments preserve for 3 months.
Preparation of creams: Creams are similar to ointments, except that in addition to wax, water also is added to bring the mass in emulsion form. In the actual preparation, sufficient quantities of dried plant material, emulsifying wax, glycerine and water are cooked hot and the resulting liquid is squeezed through a jelly bag. The strained liquid is stirred well, cooled and the semi-solid mass is pushed into containers and labeled.
Both ointments and creams spread over the injured/inflamed parts of the body and rapidly act as medicines.
Preparation of poultices bandages: These are antiseptic products spread on affected areas and bandaged using gauges. A poultices material using neem oil or similar type is admixed with slippery elm- powder, marigold/myrrh tincture is rubbed on the wound or boil and bandaged. The medicine spreads over the area and act upon the body.
Preparation of syrups: An infusion of the active ingriedient of plant part is made first. To this in a sauce pan is added sufficient honey or unrefined sugar and the whole mass is blended in about 10 minutes. On cooling, the syrup is transferred to suitable bottles and labeled.
. Preparation of wine-tonics: the active plant ingredient is covered with sufficient amount of red/white wine in a ceramic vat. The wine present in this container is allowed to mature for 2-6 months, taking care to see that no mold grows on wine during this period. The wine is then taken out into separate bottles and further quantity of fresh wine put in the ceramic vat, if there is more active plant mass in it. This preparation is taken for rendering strength and vitality. Aloe vera gel is widely used in these preparations.
APPENDIX –1.
Manufacturers of Aloe-Papaya-Neem plant products.
ALOE
Vitacost company www.vitacost.com/products 39 aloe trade products
Aloevin corporation,
Yunnan Yuanjiang Evergreen Biological Industry (group) Co.,Ltd,
www.become.com aloe products of many brands
cosmetic speciality
www.aloeelite.com mucilaginous polysaccharides etc.
aloe vera products, CA,
www.Bizrate.com aloe skin products
www.worldhealthdepot.com 94 products
aloe lifeinternational, CA,
aloepappanature.com plant products
foreverliving.com LLC
FLP,
The Silver Mist
74 Hill Road
Bandra West
Mumbai
Telephone 011-91-22-5641-4000
herbal remedies.com aloe supplements
aloe farms,Inc. Texas,
Viable Herbal Solutions, Inc.
Farmwealth Biotech,
S.A.I.R.D, Gaddipalli, e-mail: gaddipalli_kvk6@yahoo.co.in
Success Research Foundation, 19-3Vivekananda nagar, Dilsukhnagar,
PAPAYA
Swan healthfoods,
www.bulkfoods.com, diced papaya, papaya chunks, papaya,dried papaya
www.pennherb.com, penn Herb co.herb store,
World healthiest foods, whfoods.org health products
http://recipestoday.com, papaya puree
healthy recipes, www.jennycraig.com
The
http://www.evitamins.com/product.asp?pid=2940 original papaya enzymes by American health
NEEM
info@agroextracts.com, neem products
herbsforever Inc, neem herb powder, tablets,www.salveda.com
Viable Herbal Solutions, Inc,neeem extract, powder
Original Neem Company, The Complete Neem Catalog
Herballoveshop.com An Herballove Company., neem shampoo,other finished products shop
http://stores.ebay.com/By-The-Planet_Neem_W0QQcolZ4QQdirZ1QQfsubZ3QQftidZ2QQtZkm neem face/skin products
neem king, neem oil supplier
www.organeem.com, neem oile
neemresource.com neem plant products, oil
www.neem.com, neem oil, toileteries
shopping.com, neem toileteries, creams, soaps
http://tattvasherbs.com/neem.htm neem ext. oil ets
http://maxpages.com/neemuses pesticides
http://maxpages.com/neemtree, plant extractshttp://www.neemnico.com/niconeem.htm neem manures
http://www.islandlotions.com/neem.htm?OVRAW=neem&OVKEY=neem%20oil&OVMTC=advanced
skin products
http://www.neem.com.au/bodysoap.html bodycare soaps
margo soap, a commercial product manufactured by M/s. Henkel India Ltd. Also Neem tooth paste manufactured and marketed by the same industry.
http://www.neemuses.com/other_plants.php special blends with other plant products
http://www.neemjeevan.com/html/pestimix.htm pesticide
http://www.agroextracts.com/agrowet.htm Neemex pesticide
http://www.neem4organicfarming.com/ natural biodegradable pesticide www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_025007.htm
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Worthington Papaya.html internet report
Papayas –Genetically Modified papayas with Virus Resistance, http://www.gmo-compass.org/features/printversion.php?id=14
Genetically Altered Papayas Save the Harvest, in Botany-global issues map., http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pac/botany/botany_map/articles/article_0.3html
Papaya, Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia,
World’s Healthiest Foods (WH Foods)- for preparations of papaya products, health uses, and info. Can be accessed thru internet.
Ensminger AH, Esminger M. K. J. e. al. Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia.
Fortin, Francois, Editorial Director. The Visual Foods Encyclopedia.
Food, Rebecca. The Whole Foods Encyclopedia.
Neem
“Sacred Trees of the Hindus”, Mythological and Social Linkages, by Prabuddha Bharata-Satish Kapoor, internet report.
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Gahukar, RT, Neem in plant protection, Agri-Horticultural Publishing House,
Neem tree- the living legend, Neem Foundation,
D.P. Agrawal, Medicinal properties of Neem: New findings, file://A:\ Medicinal%20properties%20of %20Neem%20New%20of Findings.htm
Neem, by the Planet, http://www.bytheplanet.com/Neem/whatisNeem/whatisNeem.htm. all plant products based on Neem.
Biswas, Kausik, Ishita Chattopadhyay, Ranajit K.Banerjee and Uday Bandyopadhyay. 2002. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science 82(11): 1336-1345.
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Chatterjee, A. and Pakrashi, S. (eds), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, 1994, vol. 3, p. 76.
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Neem Workshop, USDA-ARS 86. pp.100-105.
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Jacobson, M., ed. (1989) Focus on phytochemical pesticides, Volume 1: The Neem Tree. CRC Press,
Larew, H. G. (1990) Activity of Neem seed oil against greenhouse pests. In Proc. USDA Neem Workshop, USDA-ARS 86 pp.128-131.
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www.http://Neemproduct.com, neem oil, cake,powder, specifications etc.
neem oil, Mahalaxmi mills,
Rym exports, Mumbai, neem products, http://maxpages.com/neemtree/Neem_constituents
Neempapers/collection, http://www.neemamerica.org/research/neem09.html
Neem spermicides, http://freedomantiviral.addr.com/neem.htm#methods for men
# neemindia@yahoo.com all neem products
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